wreck in west monroe, la today. And only one walked away. And Renaissance artists reenacted Tomyris punishment of Cyrus corpse. johnson and johnson vaccine spike protein. Before her are George VI, Mahidevran, Alexander III of Russia, Rudolf Hess, Mehmed VI, and Yuri Andropov. Having done so, I would leave behind the meanest part of our army and march away with the rest as far as the river. That is regarded as the happiest lot; any man who dies of disease they do not eat but bury him in the ground, lamenting that he did not come to being eaten. [6][7][4], After Tomyris found out about the death of Spargapises, she sent Cyrus an angry message in which she called the wine, which had caused the destruction of her army and her son, a drug which made those who consumed it so mad that they spoke evil words, and demanded him to leave his land or else she would, swearing upon the Sun, "give him more blood than he could drink. and related rights. He was able to defeat many of the most powerful men of his times. Then, two things happened: either Chaos or Gaia created the universe as we know it, or Ouranos and Tethys gave birth to the first beings. Tomyris, since Cyrus would not listen to her, gathered all her host together and fought him. Not only did Queen Tomyris and her Massagetae tribesmen worship the sun-god Baal but all the twelve tribes of Israel did likewise and Yahweh divorced all of them, and cast them away for a seven times punishment period of 2,520 years, and all twelve are still worshipping the sun-god Baal, Protestants and Catholics alike (halloween, and all the other sun-god Baal days)! This became part of the Power of Women group of women subjects who triumphed in various ways over men. The son of Queen Tomyris, Spargapises, when the wine had died in him and he knew in what calamity he was, asked Cyrus to be relieved of his chains, and he gained his request; but as soon as he was freed and was master of his hands, he made away with himself. Tomyris, since Cyrus would not listen to her, gathered all her host together and fought him. If you disable this cookie, we will not be able to save your preferences. When the Massagetae advanced, they found an abandoned camp stocked with wine. Among the captured soldiers of Tomyris army was her son, who asked Cyrus for permission to commit suicide. Are the Misty Peaks of the Azores Remnants of the Legendary Atlantis? Cyrus put Croesus into the hands of his son, Cambyses, to whom he was giving the kingdom, and he charged the boy to honor him and treat him well, if his own crossing against the Massagetae should go ill with him. She placed the head ofCyrus (she beheaded him without any help) into the wineskin and exclaimed: "You wanted blood, soempty ittothe dregs!". Kho St Cng Trnh Ngm kent, wa police news today. They do not sow land at all but live off cattle and also fish, which they have in abundance from the river Araxes. Her mother passed away when Tomyris was ababy and her father raised her alone. While sorting through some 280,000 artifacts excavated from land reserved for a highway construction project running from Cambridge to the village of Huntingdon in eastern England, archaeologists affiliated with the Museum of London Archaeology discovered a miniature comb that was incredibly ancient and also made from a most unusual material. use deep sonar. Megalithic Sites Are More than Just Stone, Neanderthal-Human Sex Caused a Million Covid Deaths, Caesars Savage Human Skewers Unearthed In German Fort, The Evidence is Cut in Stone: A Compelling Argument for Lost High Technology in Ancient Egypt, A Blazing Weapon: Unraveling the Mystery of Greek Fire. The work of art itself is in the public domain for the following reason: This work is in thepublic domainin its country of origin and other countries and areas where thecopyright termis the authorslife plus 100 years or fewer. I will give you your fill of blood, Tomyris had vowed. But if you win, you will not win as much as if you had crossed into the enemys country and, conquering the Massagetae, were hot on the heels of a flying enemy. Herodotus was the only one who left a clear description of the Massagetae culture: In their dress and mode of living the Massagetae resemble theScythians. That is what Cyrus said, because he thought that Darius was plotting against him. By bringing together top experts and authors, this archaeology website explores lost civilizations, examines sacred writings, tours ancient places, investigates ancient discoveries and questions mysterious happenings. It was reputed in local legend to be the seat of the god Wotan and to be haunted. Refuse, and I swear by the sun, the sovereign lord of the Massagetae, bloodthirsty as you are, I will give you your fill of blood.. Mattia Preti/Wikimedia Commons Queen Tomyris, the warrior queen of the Massagetae. Medieval writers claim the Massagetae evolved into the Huns who invaded Europe on horseback. But if you do not, I swear by the sun who is the lord of the Massagetae that for all your insatiability I will quench your thirst for blood., After Spargapises recovered from his drunkenness and realized what had happened, he begged Cyrus for freedom. . Of the gods, they worship the sun only, to whom they sacrifice horses, and their argument for the sacrifice is this: to the swiftest of all gods they assign the swiftest of all mortal things., William Finck, in his Classical Records of the Origins of the Scythians, Parthians & Related Tribes stated: Elsewhere Strabo tells us that the Dae, along with the Massagetae and Sacae, are Scythians (11.8.2). They are both cavalry and infantry for they have some of both and archers and spearmen; and they are used to carrying battle-axes as well. -ism n. Idolatry. In art the usual subject was her receiving the head of Cyrus, or putting it into the blood-filled container. The Araxes river was the ancient boundary between Media and Armenia. It wasn't until she was wounded in the second war that she was discovered (Mulanis that you?). So too with the caparison of their horses, they give them breastplates of brass, but employ gold about the reins, the bit, and the cheek-plates. 3, 2009, Critical Review of Scientists Create Pig - Human Embryo, #1, Critical Review of Scientists Create Pig - Human Embryo, #2, Dan Gayman's Position on Genesis Chapters 1 & 2, Editor's Appendix to the First Three Chapters, Bertrand Comparet's 14-Part series of Sermons on the Revelation, The War Against Whites: The Hidden Agenda Behind Cultural Diversity, Understanding Religious White Nationalism. You cannot know if in the end it will come out right for you. He learned that his enemy were not experienced with the effects of wine and so he left a small force of Persians as bait for the Massagetae to attack. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[580,400],'historyandheadlines_com-box-4','ezslot_4',141,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-historyandheadlines_com-box-4-0'); Question for students (and subscribers):Do you consider Tomyris a worthy woman? After that, Cyrus and the sound part of his army marched back to the Araxes, leaving the useless part behind. These are their customs: each of them marries a wife, but the wives they have in common. But I warned you that I would quench your thirst for blood, and so I shall.. I live and have conquered you in fight, Tomyris declared, and yet by you am I ruined, for you took my son with guile., Tomyris shoved the decapitated head into the blood. Hence, I will cite Websters Unified Encyclopedia and Dictionary for a general concise definition, vol. Tomyris led her armies to defend against an attack by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid Empire, and, according to Herodotus, defeated and killed him in 530 BC. But Croesus the Lydian was there and found fault with this judgment, and declared another that was the opposite to what was accepted. As Herodotus explained, the Massagetae primarily drank milk. 207. When they had eaten and drunk their fill, and were now sunk in sleep, the Persians under Cyrus arrived, slaughtered a great multitude, and made even a larger number prisoners. As I understand it, the Massagetae are inexperienced in the good things of Persia and have never tasted of what is great and glorious. The ancient city of Eleusis in Greece was the site of one of the most mysterious and revered religious rites of ancient Greece, the Eleusinian Mysteries. 216. William Finck. Now, therefore, take this proposal from me, for I advise you well. "Tamyris" redirects here. Her army had defeated the Persians and she is most famous for defeating Cyrus the Great in . In Shakespeare's earliest play King Henry VI (Part I), the Countess of Auvergne, while awaiting Lord Talbot's arrival, references Tomyris (Act II, Sc. The Massagetae wear the same kind of clothes as the Scythians and live much the same. Or, if you would rather welcome us into yours, do you withdraw for the three days journey. When Cyrus heard this, he called a council of the chief men of the Persians and in the assembly put the proposition to them, taking advice of them as to which he should do. Table of Contents: A History of the World, A Guide to Some of Our Favorite Scholars and Educators, Advance Screenings and Movie Reviews Archive, Schedule of Video Adaptations of Our Articles, October 5, 1795: Napoleon Bonaparte Enters History with a Whiff of Grapeshot. They migrated westwards and became the dominant power in many parts of Asia and influenced Europe. Go back now, you, quickly to Persia, and take measures that when I come thither again, after conquering these people here, you may put your son before me to examine him., 210. That trick would lead to Cyrus downfall. , a Canaanite deity, adopted by the Israelites; known among the Babylonians as Bel., Clifton Emahiser's Watchman's Teaching Ministries, Reissue of a Special Watchmans Supplement Letter from 1998, 24 Special Notices to All Who Deny Two-Seedline, From River Clyde to Tymochtee and Col William Crawford. "[6][4], Tomyris herself led the Massagetaean army into war, and, during the next battle opposing the Massagetae to the forces of Cyrus, Tomyris defeated the Persians and destroyed most of their army. If it is immortal that you think yourself, and immortal the army that you govern, there would be no ground for me to give you advice. While Queen Tomyris did quite well in routing Cyrus, her mode of worship was flawed! The Nine Worthies was a list of great men in groups of 3 categories, Pagans, Jews, and Christians that appeared in the early 14th Century by various authors. Among politicians, Tomyris ranks 212 out of 15,577. This sixth-century woman, Tomyris (whose name means "brave"), led her armies to victory against the forces of the First Persian Empire then ruled by Cyrus the Great. The Massagetae wear the same kind of clothes as the Scythians and live much the same. To request authorization email to. For their spear-points, and arrow-heads, and for their battle-axes, they make use of brass; for head-gear, belts, and girdles, of gold. Ancient Origins 2013 - 2023Disclaimer- Terms of Publication - Privacy Policy & Cookies - Advertising Policy -Submissions - We Give Back - Contact us. Their judgments were all the same, that they should admit Tomyris and her army into their own country. Apart from all that I have said so far, it is a shame, and not to be borne, that Cyrus, son of Cambyses, should yield and give ground to a woman. Tomyris ruled the Massagetae after her husbands death. When the Persian king ignored her, Tomyris raised her army. Sacred Marvels: 17 Cathedrals That Will Take Your Breath Away, In Pictures, Egyptologists Reveal a Lost Chamber in the Great Pyramid With Cosmic Rays, In Search of the Fabled 1,000-ft White Pyramid of Xian in China, Library in Stone: The Ica Stones of Professor Cabrera Part I, Two Sides to Every Story: The North American Martyrs Shrines and Indigenous/ Roman Catholic Relations, The Origins of the Faeries: Encoded in our Cultures Part I, Curse of the Buried Pearl: The Hunt for Ancient Treasures Part I, The Enigma of the Shugborough Inscription, Tattooed Scythian Warriors, Descendants of the Amazons? Tomyris kingdom was located in the area to the east of theCaspian Sea, in parts of modern-dayTurkmenistan,Afghanistan, western Uzbekistan, and southernKazakhstan. Read more on Wikipedia. Strictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings. That was the end of him. Tomyris blamed Cyrus for her sons death. Before sending his armies north, Cyrus tried a diplomatic solution: he sent ambassadors to Queen Tomyris asking if she would become his wife. Search was made among the slain by order of the queen for the body of Cyrus, and when it was found she took a skin, and, filling it full of human blood, she dipped the head of Cyrus in the gore, saying, as she thus insulted the corpse, I live and have conquered you in fight, and yet by you am I ruined, for you took my son with guile; but thus I make good my threat, and give you your fill of blood. Of the many different accounts which are given of the death of Cyrus, this which I have followed appears to me most worthy of credit. (Herodotus, I.214). Tomyris realised her loneliness after the death offather her husband spent time feasts and hunting. 2:14], Rev. That is regarded as the happiest lot; any man who dies of disease they do not eat but bury him in the ground, lamenting that he did not come to being eaten. Later, Herodotus describes the Persian King Darius expedition against the Scythians, where to get there Darius crossed the Bosphoros, and then going through Thrace crossed the Danube to attack them (4.97). Camped on one side of the river dividing Persia from Massagetae territory, their army pretended to retreat. 3,000 years ago the steppe territories ofmodern Kazakhstan were inhabited bypowerful Scythians, our famous ancestors who amazed the ancient world bytheir glory. Herodotus describes the Massagetae: In their dress and mode of living [they] resemble the Scythians, and, as he says later that the Scythians carry, their favorite weapon is the battle-axe (Histories 1.201, 215). If this dream tells you that my son is plotting against you, I will turn him over to you to do whatsoever you will with him.. Her name was even given to one of the minor planets, which is known as 590 Tomyris . Tomyris sought out his corpse among the Persian dead, and, when she found it, she filled a skin with human blood and fixed his head in the skin, and, insulting over the dead, she said: I am alive and conqueror, but you have destroyed me, all the same, by robbing me of my son by trickery. If it is immortal that you think yourself, and immortal the army that you govern, there would be no ground for me to give you advice. To defeat the Massagetae, Cyrus set a trap. Tomyris' Leader Ability: Killer of Cyrus All military and religious units gain +5 strength when attacking units on less than full health All military and religious units heal 30 HP when they kill a unit Outline (Part 2/2) Unique Unit: Saka Horse Archer A classical-era ranged land unit which does not replace anything Research Obsoletion According to Herodotus, " Tomyris filled a wineskin with human blood and searched among the Persian corpses for Cyrus' body. The Iliad can provide new insights on the role of motherhood among the ancient Greek gods, and by extension, amongst ancient mortal Greek women themselves. You can find out more about which cookies we are using or switch them off in settings. Most people remember Tomyris for her role in the defense against an attack by Cyrus the Great of the Achamenind Empire (600/ 576 530BC). Asia in 323 BC, showing the Massagetae located in modern-day Central Asia. Then Cyrus sent his ambassador topropose toher and unite the two nations inaone state without any fight. Cyrus assumed the Massagetae and their queen would be an easy conquest. Tomyris sought out his corpse among the Persian dead, and, when she found it, she filled a skin with human blood and fixed his head in the skin, and, insulting over the dead, she said: I am alive and conqueror, but you have destroyed me, all the same, by robbing me of my son by trickery. Because ofthe treason ofBakhtiyar the Scythians lost many people towin the war. Jean-Simon Berthlemy/Wikimedia CommonsAn 18th-century depiction of Queen Tomyris by Jean-Simon Berthlemy. Back to Civilizations (Civ6) The Scythian people represent a civilization in Civilization VI. Tomyris was agood strategist and held aconsiderable amount ofauthority. Were theonlyPop Archaeology site combining scientific research with out-of-the-box perspectives. Tomyris ruled an area of Central Asia that is now perhaps parts of modern Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan. When he had crossed the Araxes, the night came on him and, as he slept in the land of the Massagetae, he saw a vision and it was this: it seemed to him in his dream that he saw the eldest of the sons of Hystaspes with wings on his shoulders, and with one of these wings he overshadowed Asia and, with the other, Europe. And she kept that promise. Ben Jonsons The Masque of Queens celebrated Tomyris as a warrior queen. As I understand it, the Massagetae are inexperienced in the good things of Persia and have never tasted of what is great and glorious. He bade Tomyris retreat, for he himself would cross over into her country. She is also an inspiration of fantasy visual art. (ed. But if you know that you too are a man and that even such are those you rule, learn this first of all: that all human matters are a wheel, and, as it turns, it never suffers the same men to be happy forever. And Cyrus let go his former choice and took the opinion of Croesus. Should she have accepted Cyruss proposal of marriage? Since 2007, the English Wikipedia page of Tomyris has received more than 1,082,299 page views. I bet she is in her full armor as she would want herself displayed in afterlife. According to Herodotus, how did Astyages discover Cyrus was alive Cyrus was sent before Astyages for harming the son of an important Mede. Rustam was known for his enormous strength. Her tomb is out there,, secluded underground well. Cyrus himself was killed in the battle, and Tomyris found his corpse, severed his head and shoved it in a bag filled with blood while telling Cyrus, "Drink your fill of blood! They are led by Tomyris, under whom their default colors are light orange and dark red. Medieval artists drew the warrior queen beheading her foe. Hystaspes answered: My lord, let never [a] Persian be born that shall plot against you, and, if he exist, let him die right quickly. 600-400 B.C. 2:15; Jude 11 & Rev. Cyrus obliged, but the humiliated Spargapises quickly committed suicide. Tomyris became a fairly popular reference in European art and literature during the Renaissance. I will quote from David Grenes translation of The History, Herodotus, bk. However, in the case of Queen Tomyris and her Massagetae tribesmen, Cyrus was attempting to conquer a portion of Yahwehs chosen people, and Yahweh drew a line in the sand, for Cyrus had gone far beyond his Yahweh-given anointing. The Persians didn't see the small kingdom in the heart of Central Asia as dangerous enemy. Here Clifton has created a condensed two-column version of the text to that report, in a format that will print on half the pages. When they brought it to her, she cut off his head and thrust it in a vat filled with human blood. Give back my son to me now and get out of our country, paying no penalty, although you have done violence and insolence to onethird of the army of the Massagetae. Andrea del Castagno/Uffizi GalleryQueen Tomyris, as imagined by the Renaissance artist Andrea del Castagno. They use gold and bronze for everything. Apart from all that I have said so far, it is a shame, and not to be borne, that Cyrus, son of Cambyses, should yield and give ground to a woman. Women at War in the Classical World. November 23, 1876: Boss Tweed Turned Over to Authorities. If we shall admit the enemy onto our land, there is a danger in that, and it is this: if you are worsted, you will lose your whole empire along with the battle. Now it is you and I; and I will give you your fill of blood, even as I threatened. There are many stories of the death of Cyrus, but this that I have told seems to me the most convincing. The Empire of the Steppes, 1989 Bachrach, Bernard S., A History of the Alans in the West, from their first appearance in the sources of classical antiquity through the early middle ages, 1973, http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/tomyris.asp, Natalia Klimczak is an historian, journalist and writer andis currently a Ph.D. History Short: What was the First Country with an All-Woman Leadership? It was the grape juice which, when you drink it, makes you so mad it was this poison by which you ensnared my child, and so overcame him, not in fair open fight., Restore my son to me, Tomyris demanded. I will signify to you how I know this so exactly: the gods have care for me and show me in advance all that is coming upon me. Tomyris being presented with Cyrus head, as depicted by Peter Paul Rubens. They do not sow land at all but live off cattle and also fish, which they have in abundance from the river Araxes. So she withdrew, as she had promised at the first. You have made the Persians from being slaves into free men and, instead of being ruled, to be the rulers of all others. The Massagetae were said to be a great and warlike nation and were an ancient Eastern Iranian nomadic tribal confederation also known as Scythians. Now Hystaspes was the son of Arsames, an Achaemenid, and his eldest son, Darius, was a boy of about twenty who had been left behind in Persia; for he was not yet of age to serve in the army. With the Persian army on her borders, Queen Tomyris sent Cyrus a warning. If you do not so, I swear by the sun, the lord of the Massagetae, that, for all your insatiability of blood, I will give you your fill of it.. -ist n., adj. That was the greatest blow toPersia, and the country lost its military authority among neighbouring states. Print. According to ancient descriptions, the Persians won the first battle due to a very clever trap. Her role as a warrior is much more exhaulting than her role as a leader, but they are both halves of same lady :) Perhaps look for a mound or strange stone as a plain marker, only noticing that, it has been there, a long time. There are many Baal gods; too many to mention here. Thus I make good my threat, and give you your fill of blood.. Thanks for visiting History and Headlines! The Persians lost asthey didnt expect tosee brave women onthe battlefield. Inhis message, henoted that felt sorry about her son. The Great Steppe has preserved the memory ofits heroines, including the best ofthem Queen Tymar named Tomyris inancients chronicles. But it must number in multiple-thousands of cases. If he did not retreat, the Massagetae would attack in three days. Nobody could conquer rich lands ofthe Scythians. 207. Few records survive from the final years of Cyrus reign. They captured most of the Massagetae soldiers, including Tomyris son. This site is a project of Christogenea.org. His words were these: My lord, I told you long ago that, since Zeus had given me to you, whatsoever I saw that could make your house fall, I would to the extent of my power prevent it. Cyrus II as Portrayed by Xenophon and Herodotus", " (Peter Paul Rubens). And Cyrus let go his former choice and took the opinion of Croesus. Tomyris was a fearless leader, but the pain of a mother who lost her son made her stronger than ever before. The names of Tomyris and her son, Spargapises, who was the head of her army, are of Iranian origins. The name Tomyris is the Latin form of the Ancient Greek name Tomuris (), which is itself the Hellenisation of a Saka name meaning "of family" derived from a cognate of the Avestan word taoxman () and of the Old Persian word taum (), meaning "seed," "germ," and "kinship," and of which various reconstructed forms have been proposed, including:[1][2], Tomyris was the widowed wife of the king of the Massagetae, whom she succeeded as the queen of the tribe after he died. 20 Thou [Israel] art my battle axe and weapons of war: for with thee will I break in pieces the nations, and with thee will I destroy kingdoms; 21 And with thee will I break in pieces the horse and his rider; and with thee will I break in pieces the chariot and his rider; 22 With thee also will I break in pieces man and woman; and with thee will I break in pieces old and young; and with thee will I break in pieces the young man and the maid; 23 I will also break in pieces with thee the shepherd and his flock; and with thee will I break in pieces the husbandman and his yoke of oxen; and with thee will I break in pieces captains and rulers . [underlining mine]. When his mother heard what had happened to her son and her army, she sent a herald to Cyrus with this message: Cyrus, insatiate of blood, be not uplifted by this thing that has happened that with this fruit of the vine, whereof you Persians fill yourselves even to madness, so that, as the wine descends into your body, ill words rise up in you to the top be not uplifted, I say, because with such a powerful drug you have overmastered my son by trickery and not by strength and fighting. Before her are Laozi and Daniel. According toHerodotus, anancient Greek historian, Heracles was the son ofaScythian king. The Warriors Who Shaped African History: The Horsemen of Oyo, Royal Mistress Jane Shore Walked Streets of London in her Underwear, Leonardo Da Vincis Notes Show He Understood Gravity Long Before Newton, Talks Begin on Repatriating Remains of Patrick Sarsfield, Irish War Hero, The Ramessid Dynasty: A Golden Era in Ancient Egypt, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Unleashing the End of the World, Unraveling the Mystery of the Carnac Stones: An Ancient Puzzle of Epic Proportions, Unraveling the Enigma of Aramu Muru, The Mysterious Gate of the Gods, Alleged Sighting of the Mythical Manananggal in the Philippines Causes Public Anxiety. However, many scholars say that his life ended under the knife of Tomyris. Records of Cyrus II and the Propaganda of Darius Important records of Cyrus the Great appear in the Babylonian (Nabonidus) Chronicle (useful for dating), the Cyrus Cylinder, and the Histories of Herodotus. Tomyris (; Ancient Greek: , romanized: Tomuris; Latin: Tomyris) also called Thomyris, Tomris, or Tomiride) was an East-Iranian Queen who reigned over the Massagetae, an Iranian Saka people of Central Asia. Cyrus also ignored the last warning of Tomyris (1.212) that his fate would end in a fearful tragedy. It would be a Great pursuit :) ! Iron and silver they do not use at all, for indeed there is none in their country, but there is a great plenty of gold and bronze. Part One, Caterina Sforza: A Renaissance Warrior Woman That Knew How to Get What She Wanted, Tomoe Gozen - A fearsome Japanese Female Warrior of the 12th Century, Woman buried with weapons is first evidence of female warriors among the Kangyuy people of Kazakhstan, The Ballad of Hua Mulan: The Legendary Warrior Woman Who Brought Hope to China, The Powerful Valkyries as Icons of Female Force and Fear, Cyrus the Greats Last Campaign: Who Killed Cyrus? She later died in a hunting accident, from a mis-cast spear thrown by her sister Penthesilea. But Tomyris, who understood that it was not herself that he was wooing but the kingship of the Massagetae, said no to his approaches. In 530 BC, she may have killed one of the most famous Persians in history. If this dream tells you that my son is plotting against you, I will turn him over to you to do whatsoever you will with him.. The Scythians' civilization ability is People of the Steppe, which gives them two units instead of one for each light cavalry unit or Saka Horse Archer they train. It should be pointed out with emphasis that Queen Tomyris was one of Yahwehs battle-axe women, and she out maneuvered Cyrus and brought about his death. Billy Graham Claimed Christ was Swarthy rather than Ruddy! At first, then, they dwelt on the Araxes River, altogether few in number and despised because of their lack of renown; but since one of their early kings was warlike and of, unusual skill as a general they acquired territory, in the moun. Grousset, Ren. Our story is of such a woman who went far beyond her duty. Long they remained fighting in close combat, and neither side would flee. The Untersberg is a great mountain straddling the Austro-German border opposite Salzburg. As detailed in Deborah Levine Geras book Judith, Tomyris blamed Cyrus for her sons death. However, the earliest writing about her comes from Herodotus, who lived from 484 to 425 BC. Featured image: "Tomyris Plunges the Head of the Dead Cyrus Into a Vessel of Blood" by Rubens ( Public Domain ), Gera, Deborah Levine, Warrior Women, 1997.

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