how to increase fructose level in sperm naturally

2023-04-11 08:34 阅读 1 次

The test_cookie is set by doubleclick.net and is used to determine if the user's browser supports cookies. 2019; doi: 10.12688/f1000research.17076.1. It affects about one in every six couples, and researchers estimate about one in every three cases is due to fertility problems in the male partner alone (1, 2). High vitamin D levels are linked to greater sperm motility, but the evidence is inconsistent (29, 30). Sperm health matters no matter how youre trying to conceive so listen up. Getting the right amount of zinc can minimize this risk (11, 12, 13). While you may have never heard of brazil nuts, they are an excellent source of selenium. Fertility doctors assess sperm count during routine semen analyses and consider it to be an important factor for fertility. Fructose malabsorption. Toggle navigation. Part 1 Increasing Ejaculate the Quick and Easy Way 1 Drink fluids. Learn about all of our treatment options! Some evidence is conflicting, so further research is necessary to confirm this link. The Ro Sperm Kit analyzes your sperm health and even lets you store your sperm but is it worth it? bristol museum and art gallery paintings. 2009 Dec;38(6):1009-15. doi: 10.1007/s10508-008-9444-8. The number of controlled studies to have explored the link between sperm health and drugs is limited. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Men's reproductive health in the workplace. It does not store any personal data. Can diet help improve depression symptoms? This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. This buildup is called nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, because it looks just like what happens in the livers of people who drink too much alcohol. Traditionally, it has been used for its ability to enhance libido and fertility. Infertility is more common than you might think. It also contains 5 to 25 calories, and is made up of small amounts of essential nutrients including: Calcium Citrate. A 2013 study found that 46 males with low sperm counts who took 675 milligrams of ashwagandha daily for 90 days saw a 167% increase in their sperm count. A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. Yes, it's true that fruit does contain some natural sugars, and like any food with sugar or carbohydrate, fruit will cause a small rise in blood sugar. This content does not have an Arabic version. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). Central control of penile erection: role of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Evidence suggests that B6 plays an important role in maintaining normal sperm parameters. What are the signs of healthy sperm and how can you improve sperm health? Low sperm motility is one factor that can lead to infertility. A significant effect on the sperm count, seminal fructose content and penile erection index was observed upon treatment with the extracts. Garlic - A Surprise Food to Increase Sperm Count. Sign up for free, and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips and current health topics, like COVID-19, plus expertise on managing health. Studies in athletes or strength-trained men with normal to high testosterone levels found that D-AA didnt increase its levels further and even reduced them at high doses (6, 7). Zinc has been shown to improve many aspects of male fertility, including sperm count, motility, morphology, and more. Vitamin B12 plays an important role in sperm development, as it does with all cells. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Causes include, A sperm count is part of a larger test called semen analysis. Chlorophytum borivilianum (Safed Musli) root extract prevents impairment in characteristics and elevation of oxidative stress in sperm of streptozotocin-induced adult male diabetic Wistar rats. 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. Fructose is also a basic component in table sugar (sucrose), and high-fructose corn syrup is used to sweeten many processed foods and beverages. The information, including but not limited to text, PDFs, graphics, images, and other material contained on this website are forgeneral educationalpurposes only. Understand how lifestyle factors can affect your sperm and what you can do to improve your fertility. As you can see from the figure above, vitamin C supplementation caused the men in the studies sperm counts to more than double. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Stress management can be as simple as taking a walk in nature, meditating, exercising, or spending time with friends. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. In this article will cover 10 of the top foods that increase sperm count and motility fast and also discuss some fertility supplements like the Male Preconception+ which we recommend be used to help support sperm health. Theres no guaranteed fix, but if nutrient deficiencies or low testosterone levels are contributing factors, chances are that these lifestyle tips may help. It also reduced the proportion of deformed sperm cells by 55% (20). Some prescription medications can potentially decrease healthy sperm production. Mechanisms of male infertility: role of antioxidants. Doctors consider a sperm count under 15 million per ml to be low, and it may cause fertility issues. Studies suggest that ashwagandha may improve male fertility by boosting testosterone levels. These findings have been partly confirmed by reviews, but the researchers noted that the evidence is weak and more research is needed before definite claims can be made (51, 52). Limes In a 2019 literature review of 18 studies, researchers found a significant association between improved fertility in male participants and a higher level of vitamin D in the blood. In fact, D-AA levels are significantly lower in infertile men than fertile men (3). Start small by adding a fruit or vegetable to one of your favorite dishes. The researchers found that people who smoked moderate or heavy amounts of tobacco had a lower sperm quality than people who smoked tobacco less heavily. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission Heres our process. A doctor may test a persons sperm count if they have fertility concerns. A semen analysis can help you determine if your sperm count is normal. Many things can help boost fertility, but what works for you depends on the cause of your fertility issues. If your sperm count is abnormal, work. Staying active, minimizing stress, and making changes to your diet and lifestyle can help support male fertility. If youre having fertility issues, one thing you can do is focus on improving your general health. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. As there are foods you can eat to improve sperm count and motility, there are also foods you should avoid. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this could Post author: Post published: iulie 10, 2021; Post category: marco antonio solis concert mexico; Post comments: . It should not be confused with L-aspartic acid, which makes up the structure of many proteins and is far more common than D-AA. lorraine chase suffolk. Although additional studies are required to confirm the efficacy of using garlic to improve other aspects of male fertility, evidence suggests that garlic may also protect against damage to sperm production and testosterone levels caused by chemotherapy treatments. Ashwagandha is available to purchase online or in health food stores. Another study in 60 healthy men showed that taking 600 mg of Testofen, a supplement made from fenugreek seed extract and minerals, daily for 6 weeks improved libido, sexual performance, and strength (36). Shop for D-aspartic acid supplements online. Walnuts contain multiple beneficial nutrients already mentioned in this article and also that havent been discussed yet. Its unlikely that whole fenugreek, which is used in cooking and herbal tea, is as effective. Add broccoli , spinach, kale into your diet for a boost to fertility! National Library of Medicine Accessed Jan. 27, 2022. Some research suggests that increasing body mass index (BMI) is linked with decreasing sperm count and sperm movement. A study in infertile men showed that taking 1,000-mg vitamin C supplements twice a day for up to 2 months increased sperm motility by 92% and sperm count by more than 100%. A review of the effect of omega-3 fatty acids in the cardiovascular system, Omega-3 fatty acids' supplementation in Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review, The roles of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in idiopathic male infertility, Relationship of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids with semen characteristics, and anti-oxidant status of seminal plasma: A comparison between fertile and infertile men, The influence of omega3 fatty acids on semen quality markers: a systematic PRISMA review, D-Aspartate, a Key Element for the Improvement of Sperm Quality, Male infertility: nutritional and environmental considerations, Effects of oral antioxidant treatment upon the dynamics of human sperm DNA fragmentation and subpopulations of sperm with highly degraded DNA, Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Semen Quality, Reproductive Hormones, and Live Birth Rate: A Randomized Clinical Trial, Vitamin D deficiency and low ionized calcium are linked with semen quality and sex steroid levels in infertile men, Investigation of serum vitamin D levels in Chinese infertile men, The role of vitamin D in male fertility: A focus on the testis, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21427118/, The importance of selenium to human health, The role of selenium in human conception and pregnancy, Seleniumvitamin E supplementation in infertile men: effects on semen parameters and pregnancy rate, Sperm oxidative stress and the effect of an oral vitamin E and selenium supplement on semen quality in infertile men, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19091331/, Free radicals, antioxidants in disease and health, Effect of five-year supplementation of vitamin C on serum vitamin C concentration and consumption of vegetables and fruits in middle-aged Japanese: a randomized controlled trial, Influence of Vitamin C Supplementation on Oxidative Stress and Neutrophil Inflammatory Response in Acute and Regular Exercise, Improvement in human semen quality after oral supplementation of vitamin C, Potential Role of Carotenoids as Antioxidants in Human Health and Disease, Lycopene therapy in idiopathic male infertility--a preliminary report, Lycopene supplementation in vitro can protect human sperm deoxyribonucleic acid from oxidative damage, The effects of dietary lycopene supplementation on human seminal plasma, The importance of folate, zinc and antioxidants in the pathogenesis and prevention of subfertility, Low seminal plasma folate concentrations are associated with low sperm density and count in male smokers and nonsmokers, Seminal plasma vitamin B 6 levels in men with asthenozoospermia and men with normal sperm motility, a measurement using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on male fertility: a systematic review, The impact of aged garlic extract on adriamycin-induced testicular changes in adult male Wistar rats, The total antioxidant content of more than 3100 foods, beverages, spices, herbs and supplements used worldwide. Shop for D-aspartic acid supplements online, Oligospermia and Fertility: What You Should Know. Epub 2011 Sep 15. Another controlled study in healthy men showed that taking 3 grams of D-AA supplements daily for 2 weeks increased testosterone levels by 42% (5). Men from the study who ate the least amount of processed meats had a 28% better chance of achieving pregnancy compared to to men who ate the most processed meats. A variation of the _gat cookie set by Google Analytics and Google Tag Manager to allow website owners to track visitor behaviour and measure site performance. 3 How to Increase Sperm Count, Quality Naturally? This recommendation uses a visual called "MyPlate" to demonstrate the need to incorporate greater amounts and varieties of fruits and vegetables into the American diet, which typically falls short of that recommendation. In comparison, minimal improvements were detected among those who got a placebo treatment (42). The extract of orange that contains Vitamin C can help increase your sperm count. Optimizing natural fertility in couples planning pregnancy. Over 10% of participants in the study achieved spontaneous pregnancy with their partners. Recent studies on aphrodisiac herbs for the management of male sexual dysfunction--a review. Sperm health depends on various factors, including quantity, movement and structure: Various medical issues can contribute to male fertility problems, including: Age also can play a role. Sorghum. Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic Press. navy dress code civilian; adjectives for sports fans; Koszyk; how to increase fructose level in sperm naturally. Specifically, we recommend: There are many foods that increase sperm count, motility, and overall sperm health. Conception occurs when sperm fertilizes an egg; the lower the sperm count, the less chance of conception. Effect of Herbal Medicine on Fertility Potential in Experimental Animals - an Update Review. A controlled study in 65 men with low testosterone levels and vitamin D deficiency supported these findings. Here are 10 science-backed ways to boost sperm count and increase fertility in men. Researchers concluded that decreased semen quality is linked to increased alcohol consumption. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission Heres our process. As a natural, whole, plant-based food, however, fruit is packed with fiber, which helps to slow how the . Male infertility. Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below. However, the body does not always easily absorb them. MeSH 2004-2023 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK, a Red Ventures Company. Choose plenty of fruits and vegetables, which are rich in antioxidants and might help improve sperm health. other information we have about you. Folate is required for proper DNA synthesis and replication. Such lifestyle changes include adopting a regular exercise regimen and sleep schedule, as well as avoiding tobacco, excess alcohol, and illicit drugs. Accessed Jan. 27, 2022. A 2016 review highlighted several dietary patterns that could lead to a low sperm count. health information, we will treat all of that information as protected health Amla Berry (Indian Gooseberries) Avoid These Foods to Increase Sperm Count or Motility. A 2014 study surveyed 209 healthy Spanish males aged 1823 years. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is a popular culinary and medicinal herb. A fertility specialist might be able to identify the cause of the problem and provide treatments that place you and your partner on the road to parenthood. Endocrine Society. A comparative study of ethanolic extracts of Pedalium murex Linn. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. This content does not have an English version. The participants reached 5065% of their peak heart rate. Lyophilised aqueous extracts of Asparagus racemosus Willd. Don't let diabetes or blood sugar concerns stop you from eating fruit. health information, we will treat all of that information as protected health Tobacco and nicotine both will reduce sperm count. Agave syrup. Men with sperm concentration of less than 20 million/ml pre-operatively or following . A doctor may prescribe medication for males with very low sperm counts and those who have additional health factors or considerations. For IVF Grant Announcements, Fertility News and More! Fenugreek has long been in use as a natural remedy for poor sperm health, and advocates suggest that it may help improve sperm count. Past Injuries in Pelvic Region 4. Lactate regulates hypocretin and increases your energy. Research shows that eating processed meats may reduce a mans ability to fertilize an egg. Would you like email updates of new search results? Sperm parameters: Paradigmatic index of good health and longevity. Two B vitamins that are particularly supportive of male fertility and sperm quality are folate and B6. information submitted for this request. In one study, men with diminished sperm motility were found to have lower seminal plasma B6 when compared to men with normal sperm motility. To protect fertility: Chemotherapy and radiation therapy for cancer can impair sperm production and cause infertility that might be permanent. Beef is one of many foods that can support healthy sperm count and motility. Penile erection index, sperm count, seminal fructose concentration and in vitro NO release were the parameters measured. A 2019 study of 1,319 males in China found that higher concentrations of plant estrogen in the semen meant lower quality sperm. One study in men with low sperm cell counts showed that taking 675 mg of ashwagandha root extract per day for 3 months significantly improved fertility. the unsubscribe link in the e-mail. For reference, a motility of 50% is considered normal. A high-fructose diet in mice improves the survival of intestinal epithelial cells, which leads to an increase in gut surface area, enhanced absorption of lipids and the promotion of tumour growth . When folate levels are low, sperm may replicate improperly, which reduces sperm quality. Food that Contains Antioxidants 4. We provide ten of the best ways to boost the chances of conceiving. The present study also provides a good correlation between the in vivo improvement of penile erection and in vitro NO releasing activity of the extracts. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. MTWF: 6AM-4PM | RS 7AM-1PM 24/7 CLINICAL ACCESS 844-315-2229 (BABY), 6363 TRANSCANADIENNE, STE 105MONTRAL (QC) CANADA H4T 1S3, 265 S. PARKSIDE DRCOLORADO SPRINGS, CO, 80910, 520 Bustleton Pike, GroundFeasterville-Trevose, PA 19053, DISCLAIMER: THIS WEBSITE DOES NOT PROVIDE MEDICAL ADVICE. [1] iwi masada aftermarket parts. Penile erection index, sperm count, seminal fructose concentration and in vitro NO release were the parameters measured. Adopting healthy lifestyle practices to promote fertility and avoiding things that can damage it can improve the chances of conceiving. Healthy sperm aren't always a given. Learn from our experts and get involved in our supportive community. Acetyl L-Carnitine (ALC), also known as carnitine, plays a pivotal role in the maturation of sperm. Hornstein MD, et al. Research has shown that vitamin B12 can help improve sperm count, sperm motility, and overall sperm quality. Many canned and plastic products are also high in synthetic forms of estrogen. As such, we recommend supplementing your diet with male fertility supplements. During sperm development, sperm DNA undergoes multiple replications. J Ethnopharmacol. Add fruit to a salad, oatmeal, smoothie, toast, yogurt, or bruschetta. The body needs two to three liters of water a day to function properly. Palm or coconut sugar. Another study on vitamin B12 showed that in addition to improving motility, B12 can also help to improve sperm vitality. For this reason, anything that improves your overall health is likely to boost your fertility. All of these help increase sperm health. In addition to vitamins B12 and D, oysters also contain a high concentration of selenium which has been shown to improve several aspects of male fertility. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Green tea Green tea extract also helps increase sperm count. Rzhepakovsky IV, Areshidze DA, Avanesyan SS, Grimm WD, Filatova NV, Kalinin AV, Kochergin SG, Kozlova MA, Kurchenko VP, Sizonenko MN, Terentiev AA, Timchenko LD, Trigub MM, Nagdalian AA, Piskov SI. Amla berries are known as super antioxidants. To establish that the product manufacturers addressed safety and efficacy standards, we: We do the research so you can find trusted products for your health and wellness. In a review of 119 different berries, amla berries were one of thirteen berries categorized as having the highest antioxidant capacity. Vitamin D can be important for male and female fertility. Medical News Today only shows you brands and products that we stand behind. Brazil Nuts, Tuna, Beef, Pork - Selenium. Bisphenol A is a compound that binds to estrogen receptors in the body and may also impact male fertility after exposure, according to one 2019 review. Consuming omega 3s can help to improve sperm motility, morphology and enhance sperm count. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. In addition to the sperm count improvements, the percentage of motile sperm also nearly doubled from 31.2% motility to 60.1%. The .gov means its official. how to increase fructose level in sperm naturally. Another observational study in Indian industrial workers suggested that taking 1,000 mg of vitamin C five times a week for 3 months may protect against DNA damage caused by ROS in sperm cells. Male infertility may be caused by oligospermia. "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.org," "Mayo Clinic Healthy Living," and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. One 2017 study examined the benefits of performing a 16 week aerobic exercise program of at least three 50-minute sessions per week. 8600 Rockville Pike Most of the research surrounding carnitine indicates it is most effective at improving sperm motility, but it can also help to improve sperm morphology and overall male fertility. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. We mentioned zinc content as one of the reasons beef is the number one food to boost sperm count, but theres no doubt that when it comes to zinc alone, Oysters are king. There are also some ways to improve the quality of seminal fluid, increase sperm count, and promote sperm health. Soy products contain xenoestrogens called phytoestrogens which are known to harm sperm. Egg and Implantation Enhancement - Immune Protocols, Genetic Counseling with Integrated genetics, The Fertility Diet Foods to Eat When Trying to Get Pregnant, Austin Cavelli Carnivore for Fertility Coach, Molecular Fertility (CNY Recommended Fertility Supplements), Acupuncture for Fertility (Article & Clinic Finder), Beef: Loaded with Zinc, Selenium, Vitamin B 12, and Carnitine for Sperm Count and Motility, Oysters Zinc, Vitamin B12, Vitamin D, and Selenium, Walnuts Omega 3, Folate, B6, Zinc, Antioxidants, Garlic A Surprise Food to Increase Sperm Count, Avoid These Foods to Increase Sperm Count or Motility, Food Supplements to Support Sperm Count and Motility, The Bottom Line on Foods That Increase Sperm Count and Motility, Co-Q10 can help to improve several semen parameters, 10 vitamins and supplements to increase sperm count. Similar to garlic, amla berries in whole have been shown to positively impact sperm quality and male fertility. Increased testosterone levels may be partly responsible for these benefits. Mason JB, et al. Overview of the treatment of malabsorption. To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, and understand which Recent advances in understanding and managing male fertility. Read product labels carefully and avoid foods containing: Consult a registered dietitian for a complete list of foods your daughter should eat or avoid if she has fructose intolerance. Besides being good for your general health, exercising regularly can boost testosterone levels and improve fertility. It is known to be a powerful antioxidant with several positive effects on male fertility. A study of 250 men who had sperm analyzed at a fertility clinic showed that men who ate higher amounts of fruits and veggies, particularly green leafy vegetables and beans (legumes), had higher sperm concentrations and better sperm motility . Food Supplements to Support Sperm Count and Motility. If you and your partner haven't gotten pregnant after a year of unprotected sex, however, you might consider being evaluated for infertility. What is the latest research on the form of cancer Jimmy Carter has? All rights reserved. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Tasty and easy side items include sweet . 2023 CNY Fertility Center. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this could One study in 30 men who strength-trained four times a week analyzed the effects of taking 500 mg of fenugreek extract daily. Vitamin B6 is growing in popularity in the fertility field. Zinc is an essential mineral found in high amounts in animal foods, such as meat, fish, eggs, and shellfish. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition, lifestyle or dietary changes, treatments, and before undertaking a new health care regimen. Is the ketogenic diet right for autoimmune conditions? Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. This mineral is associated with increased semen volume, sperm count, and testosterone levels. One study in men with low sperm counts showed that taking 6 grams of tribulus root twice daily for 2 months improved erectile function and libido (31). Also, keep in mind that fertility and libido usually go hand in hand with your general health. Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education. Because these hard-to-get nutrients are even better than many of the foods in this article, our experts recommend that men take a high-quality male fertility supplement like Molecular Fertilitys The Male Preconception+ to ensure they are achieving appropriate levels of the nutrients mentioned in this article and the many others vitamins, minerals, biomolecules, and herbs that have been shown to provide the ultimate increase in male fertility. northwestern lacrosse. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted This article lists some of the main lifestyle factors, foods, nutrients, and supplements that have been associated with improved fertility in men. In men with mild erectile dysfunction, taking 2.4 grams of dried maca root for 12 weeks slightly improved self-reported erectile function and sexual well-being (49). Salmon and sardines are loaded with omega 3 fatty acids, which are known to provide a laundry list of health benefits like lowering blood pressure, reducing the development of plaque in arteries, and many more. High vitamin D levels have been linked to increased sperm motility and overall semen quality. How Viagra became a new 'tool' for young men, Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6721126/, https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/571420/abs/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31561004, https://ffhdj.com/index.php/ffhd/article/view/326, http://www.urologic.theclinics.com/article/S0094-0143(13)00094-3/abstract, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3719368/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31473922, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6339693/, https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article/29/3/429/709204, http://www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(14)02553-9/fulltext, https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/infertility/cooper_et_al_hru.pdf, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f150/36db1fe717ba337a59625e44c6be5b12602a.pdf, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3442634/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4892303/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6186280/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29451828, http://www.urologyjournal.org/index.php/uj/article/view/3772, https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article/31/8/1875/2914337, https://academic.oup.com/humupd/article-abstract/23/6/646/4035689?redirectedFrom=fulltext, https://rbej.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12958-016-0219-0, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5586815/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6675955/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28627195, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5769315/, https://rbej.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1477-7827-11-66, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0302283816300690, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31128434.

Arrowhead Golf Club Dress Code, Articles H

分类:Uncategorized