The convalescent center was under the command of Colonel Harry F. Ann discusses her decades of work, as well as family life on the grounds of the institution. Harrison County Hospital - Corydon. Previous caretakers of the hospital literally got up and left, leaving behind operation chairs, surgery tables and medical quackery devices from the middle of the 20th century. The building has been added onto, but the original architecture that remains is still very creepy. Releasing mental health records from the Indiana State Archives requires the completion of State Form 46356 if they are accessing the records of a deceased relative or are the legal representative of a patient, or the patient themselves. Camp Atterbury was the site of a state-of-the-art 1,700-bed hospital on approximately 75 acres (0.30km2) of land. [44][45] During its operation there were seventeen prisoner deaths, but no escapes. Heart Center of Indiana . "It's unique. Muscatatuck 2010 (Two) - YouTube 0:00 / 5:25 Muscatatuck 2010 (Two) 3,022 views Apr 26, 2010 Video of Muscatatuck Mental Hospital. The land acquisition cost an estimated $3.8 million ($63,021,181 in 2022 chained dollars). The inmates were transferred in 1954 to the newly opened Maximum Security Division of the Dr. Norman M. Beatty Memorial Hospital at Westville, Indiana. 23132. The institution had been established 85 years prior as the Indiana Farm Colony for Feeble-Minded Youth. Muscatatuck County Park. The center focused on the humane treatment of patients with mental ailments and illnesses. The Official Website of Atterbury-Muscatatuck- When you select Atterbury-Muscatatuck to conduct training, exercises or developmental testing, you get the most realistic, complex and tailorable environment available. 5 Service clubs, Through June 2008, 23749 patients had been admitted. By 14 October 1945, a record discharge day of 2,574 soldiers, a total of 147,017 officers and enlisted men had been released up to that date. I was just like the clients, I had been there my whole life. It was given the nickname of the Austrian battalion because some of its members were political refugees from Austria, including three archdukes (Felix, Carl Ludwig, and Rudolf), who were the sons of Charles I of Austria and the brothers of Otto von Habsburg. From what we heard today, the cost-return ratio of the academy doesnt burden the taxpayer, Schlee said. [68] The 31st Infantry Division also trained at Camp Atterbury. As users regularly add role-players to create dense urban terrain (DUT), the unpredictable realism slows operations while increasing the speed and complexity of tactical engagements. The hospitals complete medical records through 1987 are at the Indiana State Archives. Over the years she became an evening shift administrator and a social worker. Camp Atterbury also trained numerous service support units. They were also allowed leisure time at the camp. By September 1945 the reception station was processing about 60,000 returning soldiers per month. of Indiana's largest mental institutions approximately 3,000 The trip was organized by the Legions National Security & Foreign Relations Division. Established in 1942, Camp Atterbury's nicknames include "CAIN" and "The Rock." 325 North State Highway 7. [10], Cybertropolis is a cyberwarfare training environment at the Muscatatuck Urban Training Center. Ann discusses her decades of work, as well as family life on the grounds of the institution. [63] The induction and separation center officially closed on 2 August 1946; however, about 10,000 military and civilian personnel remained at Camp Atterbury to keep the reception center, military police activities, and Wakeman General Hospital in operation. [18] By January 1945 Wakeman had a medical detachment of 1,600 personnel and about 700 civilians serving 6,000 patients. Listen to Steve and Vickie Ward interview >, Listen to Steve and Vickie Ward interview. The state hospital system serves adults with mental illness (including adults who have co-occurring mental health and addiction issues, who are deaf or hearing impaired, and who have forensic involvement), and children and adolescents with serious emotional disturbances. A large stone that rests inside the camp's east entrance carries the inscription: "Camp Atterbury1942". Some of our favorite creepy places in Indiana are the infamous Hannah House, built in the late 1800s, where an unspeakably dark tragedy occurred and was subsequently covered up by the homeowners to avoid arrest for harboring escaping slaves along the Underground Railroad, as well as several spooky town cemeteries like Stepp Cemetery, in Martinsville, and Highland Lawn Cemetery, in Terre Haute. The academy is located on the premises and is a fully functioning high school that brings in drop-outs from all over the country to give them a chance to earn their diplomas. Love Indiana? [8] From 1920 through 2005, MSDC housed many of Indiana's challenged citizens and was once the largest employer in Jennings County. By Sgt. Toward the mid and late twentieth century, Muscatatuck leadership executed institutional change to best reflect American society's evolving thoughts on mental health and how best to treat people with mental disabilities. Richmond is still in operation. Two injuries were reported. Prisoners were organized into three battalions and the camp was divided into three sections. Riker, pp. Wages for construction workers were set at $1.30 per hour. [72] Other acreage has been leased to the Atterbury Job Corps, the U.S. Department of Labor, the Johnson County, Indiana, Parks Department, and Hoosier Park. The story of Muscatatuck State Developmental Center. Agnews State Mental Hospital (1885-1998) Camarillo State Mental Hospital (1936-1997) Fairview Developmental Center, Costa Mesa (1959-) . It serves counties in east central Indiana. placement of the debris. MSDC was created in 41610 and schedule a visiting time before arriving at the museum. Riker, p. 36, and Taulman and Wertz, eds., p. 116. Muscatatuck State Developmental Center Residence at the Developmental Training Center In 1973, the Developmental Training Center (DTC) on the Indiana University Bloomington campus created a deinstitutionalization project utilizing a halfway house approach. The Atterbury Rail Deployment Facility (ARDF) or "railhead" has the ability to load/unload a Brigade Combat Team in 72 hours, can handle 120 rail cars per day, and serves a vital part in mobilization and expeditionary operations for all units in the Midwest. [20], Wakemen treated an estimated 85,000 patients during the war. As a young lieutenant in September of 1967 in Vietnam, I went into what was a hostile environment and hostile situation, and I was totally unfamiliar with what I encountered.. Indiana ghost stories are a staple of just about every generation, past and present, in the Hoosier State. They wrote a report and filed a lawsuit in federal court that Indiana was violating the Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act., Sue Beecher worked for Indiana Protection & Advocacy, where she was hired in 1998 as an Advocate for Muscatatuck residents. Wakeman was one of twelve hospitals in the United States handling these specialized eye cases, and the only one the Fifth Service Command to do so. Male and female Previous Page of 4 Next Page The hospital continues in operation. At its largest, Camp Atterbury had 1,780 buildings and provided housing to 44,159 Officers and Soldiers, including: [3], On 6 January 1942, one month after the attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States' entry into World War II, the U.S. War Department announced its decision to proceed with its plan to build Camp Atterbury. The refugees included American citizens, Afghan allies who helped in the American military effort, and those deemed vulnerable Afghans by the U.S. Government. 4041, and Taulman and Wertz, eds., p. 209. About 5,700 were housed at the camp by September. The division left on 30 January 1944, for Massachusetts, and sailed to England in February 1944. The division left Camp Atterbury in June 1943 for further training in Tennessee and Kentucky before shipping out to England and the European Theater of Operations in April 1944. 47265 USA. Sources Walk through tour of the abandoned Muscatatuck State Mental Hospital, Butlerville, IN 4,177 views May 11, 2017 Inspecting the abandoned State Mental Hospital that closed back in the early. Bakalar Air Force Base (formerly Atterbury Army Air Base), Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}391725N 860226W / 39.29028N 86.04056W / 39.29028; -86.04056. The facility included 2,000 beds for hospital patients and a separate rehabilitation center for 3,000 convalescing soldiers. 10/21/2022 A mother advised by a doctor to give up her son remembers feeling like I was burying him. Then came the visits when he barely noticed her departure. She started as a head nurse, became assistant director of nursing, and then was a module director/mental health administrator. My supervisor and I walked onto a unit and 12 of 14 people in that unit had noticeable bruises, black eyes, it was horrifying, Sue attests, and none of those injuries were recorded or documented.. The Camp offers a variety of training ranges, live-fire venues, managed airspace with air-to-ground fighting capabilities and an LVC simulation and exercise center. We dont know about you, but we wouldnt want to go to a prison that used to be an old insane asylum! To be allowed in you need to have a valid US government or state ID (drivers licenses work!) 1415, 5355, and Taulman and Wertz, eds., p. 96. [49] They worked as general camp laborers and at offsite locations, usually as agricultural laborers in groups of ten or more, accompanied by a military guard. Our motto is "We Are Ready," and we also stand ready to . [4][21], During World War II, Camp Atterbury was under the command of a succession of military officers from its establishment in 1942 to its closure in 1946. Listen to Ann Bishop interview > Sandra Blair [60] Shortly after Victory over Japan Day in August 1945, Brigadier General Ernest Aaron Bixby, the camp's commanding officer, announced that its huge receiving and separation centers (the U.S. Army's second-largest separation center during World War II) were discharging a daily average of 1,000 U.S. Army troops with sufficient points (85 points or more) or qualifying dependency. However, accusations of patient abuse and loss of revenue coupled with substantial maintenance expenses converged to spell the end. Muscatatuck is a real city that includes a built physical infrastructure, a well-integrated cyber-physical environment, an electromagnetic effects system and human elements. This page was last edited on 10 January 2023, at 19:18. The remaining buildings are flexible and configurable to meet individual unit training needs. With later expansion and remodeling, the facility evolved into a 6,000-bed hospital and convalescent center. 3639, and Taulman and Wertz, eds., pp. Camp Atterbury's first order rolled off a mimeograph machine on this day in the Camp's first headquarters building, a red brick house on hospital road and the former house of Dale Parmalee, a local farmer. No matter what we tried, we couldnt do it., Perspectives of interviewees employed at Muscatatuck reflect the kinds of work they did. The Beatty Memorial Hospital opened in 1951, and later opened a maximum-security division in 1954. [64] The first public announcement that the induction and separation center at the camp would close was made on 10 May 1946. It was serendipity that brought Muscatatuck to the National Guard. Modern antipsychotics shrank its patient population down to about 1200, and in 2001, Governor Frank O'Bannon announced that the state would close Muscatatuck. Becker. From 1848-1948, the hospital grew yearly until it encompassed two massive, ornate buildings for the female and male patients, a "sick" hospital for the treatment of physical ailments, a farm colony where patients engaged in "occupational therapy", a chapel, an amusement hall complete with an auditorium, billiards, and bowling alleys, a bakery, a The last German prisoners of war to leave Wakeman Hospital departed on 28 June 1946, for New Jersey. Jobs were awarded through political patronage until a new, young superintendent challenged the system. Camp Atterbury remained on stand-by status until 1950, when it was reactivated as a military training center. [5], The Muscatatuck Urban Training Center is located on the grounds of the former Muscatatuck State Developmental Center (MSDC). The Waverly Hills Sanatorium: Louisville, Kentucky https://www.instagram.com/p/BXbREpClVpy/?taken-at=237563218 The Waverly Hills Sanatorium is located in Louisville, Kentucky, and was actually not a mental hospital. The warden wouldn't allow visitors because he felt the patient's mental illnesses were "contagious". Its mission expanded in 1955 to include treatment of the neurologically disabled. Craving more creepy Indiana? More than 16,000 people have used the facility since the Indiana National Guard took it over in July 2005. Virtually every patient discharged from a state hospital has a card. The institution is still in operation, admitting patients with mental illnesses and criminally involved or forensic individuals not committed to the Department of Correction. It seems silly to eliminate a facility that costs you totally $6 million a year, which in terms of the Pentagon budget is miniscule, especially when you consider that the facility can return tens of millions of dollars back to the American public. This stone lies within the perimeter of the former internment camp. [62] On 2 August 1946, the last U.S. Army soldier to be processed and discharged at Camp Atterbury was Technical Sergeant Joseph J. Legislation in 1939 limited its service area to the southern half of the state. It also hosts the Indiana Air Range Complex. The first children were admitted to Evansville PCC in 1966. But the Indiana National Guard saw the potential for it to become the nation's premier urban warfare training facility. Administered under the terms of the Geneva Convention of 1929, the internment camp was one of 700 established in the United States. You can create your own training environment.". [36], In 1942 Indiana officials reported that the camp would receive Women's Army Auxiliary Corps personnel to serve in various capacities at the camp. The WAC Medical Department Enlisted Technicians' School was relocated to San Antonio, Texas. At the peak of construction in June 1942, there were 14,491 workers on the payroll. Camp Atterbury is one of two National Guard bases with this mission; Camp Shelby in Mississippi is the other. In 1999, the Center lost its Medicaid certification and associated federal funding. Initial construction included forty-three, two-story buildings for patient wards, treatment facilities, mess halls, a post exchange, an auditorium, and a recreation center, as well as housing for medical officers, enlisted men, and nursing staff. In addition, the prisoners were prohibited from assignments that involved dangerous work. Its interior was decorated with a faux-painted marble altar installed at the back. In January 1941 the U.S. War Department issued orders to consider potential sites for a new U.S. Army training center in Indiana. Camp Atterbury a National Guard training and mobilization center about 45 minutes north of the MUTC was the main base of operations for the XCTC. Thirty-one of these concrete-block buildings had interconnecting corridors. The Indiana National Guard assumed oversight of the camp in January 1969. Prior to closure in 2005 Muscatatuck had admitted 8117 patients. Muscatatuck offers users a globally unique, urban and rural, multi-domain operating environment that is recognized as the Department of Defenses (DODs) largest and most realistic urban training facility serving those who work to defend the homeland and win the peace. The last issue of The Camp Crier was published on 14 June 1946. due to the museum being within the boundaries of a military installation you MUST contact MUTC Public Affairs at (317) 247-3300, ext. The facility was run from 1874-1993, and boasts frequent paranormal activity. The only question left to ask you is this are you planning to visit any of these places, or do you just regret reading this article? "A company just doesn't have an impact," said Townsend about the size of the facility. But its this serene setting, near the Kentucky-Indiana border, that is the backdrop for Muscatatuck Urban Training Center, a state-of-the-art 1,000-acre compound that is capable of emulating any battle scenario or harsh environment that could be found anywhere in the world. The centers admission registers, card index, and a nearly complete set of medical records on microfilm, are at the Indiana State Archives. - An abandoned mental hospital that might be a good setting for a B-grade horror movie is actually a unique Indiana National Guard asset that leaders say has world-class potential. As a direct care workers viewpoint was disregarded. "They had two rooms, like if you get bad they lock you up for it." The maximum security division opened in 1954, replacing the old Hospital for Insane Criminals at the Indiana State Prison. However, many buildings at Muscatatuck State Hospital were over 50 years old, and the Indiana Historic Sites and Structures Inventory had already identified the historic and architectural significance of 34 buildings at the facility that contributed to the Muscatatuck State Hospital Historic District (MSHHD). The three-sided structure, which measured 11 feet (3.4m) by 16 feet (4.9m), was built of brick and stucco from scrap materials found at the camp. 2021, and Taulman and Wertz, eds., p. 92. The televised expose of abuse at New Castle State Developmental Center was aired in early May of 1997. We first came into Indiana, myself with a team of attorneys, to New Castle within 24 hours after the news story broke. Sue Gant was an expert with the Civil Rights Division of the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ). 43, 45. [6] The U.S. Army contracted John Richard Walsh as a real estate project manager to oversee the initial development at the camp that would accommodate and train a full-sized, triangular division of 40,000 Soldiers. Main Image Gallery: Muscatatuck State Developmental Center, Several hundred patients were buried on the property throughout its years. Cindie Underwood came to Muscatatuck in 1989 as a case manager. In addition, Camp Atterbury was nicknamed Mudbury during its construction because of its muddy grounds, the result of heavy spring rains during 1942.[11]. View more State Partnership Program News , An official website of the United States government. Graduates from the school move on to be productive members of society and pursue careers in the military. In 1883, there was just one asylum in Indianapolis, and it was full - so, they needed to build a new one. You can isolate it. Known originally as the Indiana Farm Colony for the Feeble-Minded, it became a separate institution for mentally retarded children in 1937. The Post Commander is COL Michael Grundman, and the Garrison Command Sergeant Major is CSM David Routson. A total of 18799 patients were admitted between 1951 and 1979. As of June 2008, 1144 patients had been admitted. Get more stories delivered right to your email. For the years 1974-1982 only the face sheets from the medical records survive. Information in Insane Books transferred to the State Archives will be added too. [6] MSDC was created in 1920 as the Indiana Farm Colony for the Feeble-Minded. [63] A total of 537,344 enlisted men and 39,495 officers were discharged from military service at Camp Atterbury's separation center during the war. Over time inquest paperwork became increasingly detailed, with long lists of questions about the individuals accused of insanity and detailed statements by examining physicians. Indiana Farm Colony for Feeble Minded, also known as Muscatatuck Colony, was opened in Butlerville, Jennings County, in 1920. The records were lost, but heroic action by staff saved nearly all the 1100 patients. The Hospital for Epileptics and Feebleminded at Woodward. See Riker, pp. A music therapist who arrived in 1971 wondered. [55] The Italians also carved a commemorative stone with the inscription: "Atterbury Internment Camp, 1537th S. U., 12-15-42," in reference to the U.S. unit in charge of the prison compound. Many of the commissions members were in nearby Indianapolis for the Legions 94th National Convention. The facility was established in South Bend in 1950 as the Northern Indiana Childrens Hospital to care for children with polio. input, Indiana Archives and Records Administration, Oversight Committee on Public Records (OCPR), Indiana State Historic Records Advisory Board (SHRAB), Visit or Arrange a Tour of the State Archives, Learn How Long My Agency Must Keep Records, Find the Records or Forms Coordinator For My Agency, Send My Agency's Records to the Records Center, Send My Agency's Records to the State Archives, Prevent or Report a Public Records Emergency, Central State Hospital Collection Exhibit, Report Colonel Welton M. Modisett, who served as its first post commander, arrived in May 1942. It served primarily counties in southwestern Indiana. Students come to the academy after completing basic training. Our state is filled to the brim with eerie, bizarre, and otherwise unsettling tales of hauntings, madmen, terrible crimes, frightening natural disasters, and more. [50], The first group of 767 prisoners, most of them Italians, arrived on 30 April 1943, and another group of 400 arrived the following day. Muscatatuck: The End of an Era The last residents left Muscatatuck State Developmental Center in 2005. 6879. Soldiers who remained at Camp Atterbury for an extended period of recovery were housed in barracks within the camp about two miles from the hospital. For commitment information not found at the State Archives, check with clerks of court in the various Indiana counties. In August 1942 additional buildings were erected to provide space to train field hospital units. The card index is the only source of information on patients admitted to Evansville State Hospital before the 1943 fire. Its motto is Preparamus, meaning "We Are Ready." Logansport had admitted 38498 patients as of June 2008. Ann Bishop came to Muscatatuck in September of 1954. The facility closed in 2001 after a reorganizing of the state's health plan. Tours fill up fast, so book yours ahead of time. largest employer in Jennings County. Past Commanders - LTC Barry Hon (2013-2016), LTC R. Dale Lyles (2010-2013), LTC Chris Kelsey (2008-2010), LTC Ken McCallister (2005-2008), This page was last edited on 9 December 2022, at 15:48. Prisoners were limited to working a maximum of ten hours per day, including the time it took for round-trip transportation from the camp, and could only be used when no other civilian labor was available. MUTC is used to train civilian first responders, Foreign Service Institute,[1] joint civilian/military response operations, and military urban warfare. The hospitals were started during times with different attitudes towards the mentally ill. Beatty Hospital was converted in 1979 into the Westville Correctional Center. Camp Atterbury Joint Maneuver Training Center (CAJMTC) provides training and testing support to ARNG, Active, Reserve and Joint Forces as a proposed Regional Collective Training Capability (RCTC) installation, provides users with state-of-the-art multi-domain training opportunities, and serves as a Primary Mobilization Force Generation Installation (pMFGI) as identified by FORSCOM. [17] It specialized in plastic, neuro-, and orthopedic surgery and reconstructive treatment, and was especially known for its plastic eye replacements. For unrelated academic researchers, supervised access to patient records can be given in order to evaluate those records as a research source. This punishment, also described in a staff interview, could extend for many weeks. For a list of units that trained, were activated, or were released at Camp Atterbury between 1950 and 1953, see Taulman and Wertz, eds., pp. [citation needed]. [7] It became one of Indiana's largest mental institutions approximately 3,000 patients and around 2,000 employees. The institution that had opened its doors in 1920 would not close them until 2005. For the duration of its use, the internment camp was under the command of Lieutenant Colonel John L. Gammell. When the military goes overseas, these are some of the things they might see in a hospital there because those countries arent as advanced, he said. This facility opened in 1907 on 1300 acres in rural Henry County as the Indiana Village for Epileptics. See, Camp Atterbury's internment camp received several inspections and visits from dignitaries during the war, including representatives from. [9] In 1997, Indiana lawmakers passed a plan to reorganize the state's health plan. An estimated 3,700 of them were housed in satellite camps in other areas of Indiana, where they were closer to the communities who needed them for labor. CAJMTC consists of approximately 26,000 acres of maneuver training space, a 6,000-acre impact area, urban training venues, and an approximately 3,000-acre cantonment area. Just writing and researching this piece gave us the creeps! The museum is located in what was formerly a dormatory for boys with most of the exhibits being in what was the buildings Dayroom. Sue Gant - Planning for the Closure of Muscatatuck State Developmental Center, Dr. Sue Gant has 40 plus years of working in the disability field. Her father was a "railroader.". The land was being readied to turn in to a tree farm when the Indiana National Guard put in a bid to lease it in 2005 and transform it into an urban training center. Located on the grounds of the former The distance between the two was perfect for practicing convoy operations, commanders said. It closed its doors in 1997, and was later bought by the Kansas Highway Patrol. Pisgah and Kansas (population thirteen), fifteen cemeteries, and five schools. [4] Initial land acquisition for the camp encompassed 40,351.5348 acres (163.296868km2) in 643 tracts. On 28 February 1944, Francisco Tota became the only Italian prisoner to die at the camp. It was sent overseas in March 1944. Colonel Wakeman attended Valparaiso University as an undergraduate student prior to his service in the Medical Corp during World War I, and received a medical degree from Indiana University in 1926 before returning to active duty in the U.S. Army Medical Corps. The taxpayer spends money on helping these dropouts get their diplomas now, rather than spending on them later through incarceration or unemployment. Some are said to have never left, even after it officially closed in 1991. 4344., In July 1944 the Women's Army Corps Medical Department Enlisted Technicians' School was relocated to Camp Atterbury from Hot Springs, Arkansas. When he saw the MUTC, Townsend saw training opportunities: an on-site power plant, 2,900 feet of tunnels connecting buildings, and nine miles of roads. From 1977 to 1980, Randy Krieble worked at Muscatatuck State Hospital and Training Center, as it was known at the time. after the first of the year as a temporary state mental hospital until the construction of the new northern Indiana mental hospital was completed. Any location or building on the facilitys property can be used in combat simulations or first-response scenarios. The American Legion was chartered and incorporated by Congress in 1919 as a patriotic veterans organization devoted to mutual helpfulness. Members of The American Legions National Security & Foreign Relations Commission toured Muscatatuck on Aug. 24, getting an up-close look at the facility that features a replica Afghan marketplace, hospital, prison and downed aircraft field, among many other training grounds that can prepare servicemembers for virtually any danger they could encounter overseas. By October the number of German prisoners had reached 8,898. A cross surmounted the south end of its gable roof. They earn military pay and hone their service skills there, then return to their states National Guard when they graduate. With 200 different buildings, the possibilities are numerous. [51], In 1943 Lieutenant Colonel John Gammel gave the Italian prisoners permission to erect a small chapel about 1 mile (1.6km) from the internment compound. [5], Initial work at the site began in February 1942. By the time the facility closed in 1999, it had admitted 16974 patients. HQ 138th Regiment (Combat Arms) Indiana Regional Training Institute (RTI) provides regionalized combat arms individual training, including military occupational specialty qualification (MOSQ), additional skill identifier (ASI), and non-commissioned officer education system (NCOES) training as part of the One Army School System. Seriously injured prisoners were treated at Wakeman Hospital. [65] On 18 September 1946, after the U.S. War Department announced that Wakeman Hospital would be declared surplus by 31 December, Indiana governor Ralph F. Gates reported from his office in Indianapolis that the hospital might be used after the first of the year as a temporary state mental hospital until the construction of the new northern Indiana mental hospital was completed. Additionally, the Indiana RTI conducts a fully accredited Warrant Officer Candidate School, Officer Candidate School, 68W Sustainment Course and Combat Lifesaver Course. [34] The 101st Infantry Battalion (Separate) under the command of Colonel Vincent Conrad, arrived at the camp in December 1942. [56], After the departure of the last Italian prisoners on 4 May, another group of prisoners of war, most of them German, began arriving on 8 May 1944.

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