Bilaal (Somali origin) means moistening. 45. 48. Abara is a common last name in the Igbo community. The research found that in Africa, most surnames are connected to geographic origin, occupation, lineage or personal characteristics.One surname-type unique to the continent is the praise-name, which expresses character traits or other admirable attributes. 55. 69. We recommend that these ideas are used as inspiration, that ideas are undertaken with appropriate adult supervision, and that each adult uses their own discretion and knowledge of their children to consider the safety and suitability. 25. It is an Akan male surname which means strong-willed and determined. Ngige meaning "locust". SaveIllustration: Momjunction Design Team. 75. Daneil Negussie Aberra, Ethiopia/USA, What makes a person is his/her identity. Kenyatta -A common name among the Kenyan people, Kenyatta means musician. It also means the next to be crowned among the Yoruba speaking groups. A name that acknowledges a divine concession is Chukwunyelu, which means God gives in Igbo. Typically found in the Akan group of Ghania, it means royalty or noble person. 2. Outside work, her interests include music, movies, travel, philanthropy, writing her blog, and reading. It means the one that I have is greater. We recommend that these ideas are used as inspiration, that ideas are undertaken with appropriate adult supervision, and that each adult uses their own discretion and knowledge of their children to consider the safety and suitability. It is a nickname which also functions as the last name. Tersoo It has its origin in the Tiv language, and means fathers love. Because I am a petite and sweet-looking woman, I find myself often underestimated and underminded. 72. Archi Gumede was a prominent African politician, lawyer and human rights activist. Agwuegbo (Nigerian origin) means "the hardship is over," found among the Igbo people. 73. Okoye -It is a conventional surname across various African people and means 'one who is born on orie market day'. I maintain the list. 84. Fatsani (Botswanan origin) means be meek in Chewa. I think my name shows more the hope and wish of my parents than mine (given that I am on the atheistic side of things). These beautiful South African names derive from the country's rich history and are influenced by its many languages and traditional inhabitants. Behind the Name: Ndebele Given Names. 10. A common last name for boys among the Yoruba people, Ademola means the king/crown/royalty along with wealth. Please note that Kidadl is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon. Afrikaans names shared by family members. Agrinya (Nigerian origin) means "warrior," found amongst the Ogoja people of Nigeria. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Totally Wonderful African Surnames and their Astonishing Meanings. Banchiamalck Dessalegn, Ethiopian in U.S. My name Derefaka figuratively means: Continuing the heritage of our fathers. This does not influence our choices. This also doesn't include some of the well-known tribes like Igbo and Yoruba. 31. Abara is a common last name in the Igbo community. Among the Xhosa and Ndebele groups of people, Buhle is a popular name which means handsome or beautiful. When I was born, she gave me this name NOXOLO because she wanted peace. Talia (Arabic origin) means lamb or dew of God. Gavin Wood and Felix February shares more about the idea behind the Slave Calendar that explores the history of surnames of Capetonians. Onai (Shona origin) meaning "call to observe". Over several hundred years, borders have been made, changed and broken, making family history difficult to trace. On track for Cape Town E-Prix: R350 tickets still available, but not for long! 83. Igwe Among the Igbo groups, Igwe means heaven, which is considered the highest realm of existence. Kidadl cannot accept liability for the execution of these ideas, and parental supervision is advised at all times, as safety is paramount. Usually used as a given name and the last name, Olatunji means wealth awakes again. Achebe is an invocation of a deity, which means the Goddess protects. It means one who does good to others. In Igbo, this surname means the Lord perfects all or the God repairs. Okusanya (Yoruba origin) meaning "God has rewarded me". Albert Luthuli was an African Nobel Peace Prize winner, teacher, and anti-apartheid activist. Its female variant is Owusua. Trilingual Rajnandini has also published work in a supplement for 'The Telegraph', and had her poetry shortlisted in Poems4Peace, an international project. 98. Igwe (Igbo origin) meaning "sky". 40. In Igbo language, it means my land is not lost. Elya (Ethiopian origin) meaning my God is Yahweh. Usually found among the male population of Nigeria, this name means honor surrounds him. This name is primarily masculine. Names such as Mwanajuma Friday, Esi Sunday, Khamisi Thursday, and Wekesa harvest time refer to the time or day when the child was born. 40. Dogo It is one of the most widely used Hausa nicknames which means little. 86. In the Tamazight language, Amaziane means young or little. Abara (Igbo origin) meaning "spirit". 47. 19. Ray Phiri was a Malawian immigrant who went on to become one of South Africa's most renowned Jazz musicians. 35. 8. 56. Zadzisai -It has its roots in the Shona group of Zimbabwe, and means fulfilment of a pledge or a promise. The genesis of this Ethiopian name is Amharic, and it means flower or blossom. Your use of the site indicates your agreement to be bound by our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Adebisi (Yoruba origin) meaning "the king produced more". Madhurima has completed her Masters in Biochemistry from North Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong. 60. 27. 67. Abbas Origin: An Arabic name found throughout Algeria. The surname acknowledges the helpfulness or resourcefulness of a person. Usually earned, Agrinya means warrior in the Yala language. What we suggest is selected independently by the Kidadl team. Its other variants are Orjea, Orjee, Orjey, Orjie, and Orjy. 75. It means born into wealth or born into high status. Oyinlola It is a conventional female name among the Yoruba groups and means wealth is sweet. 18. Barnard. The Akan name is widely used among the girls. 81. Feel free to also check out the history of these surnames as well to help you learn a little bit more about your background. Well send you tons of inspiration to help you find a hidden gem in your local area or plan a big day out. As an Amazon Associate, Kidadl earns from qualifying purchases. In the 1700s some Portuguese sailors were s. Ech (North African origin) meaning edge or corner. Other variants include Ali and Alioun. One of such names is a Yoruba surname Falade, which means god of divination has intermingled with royalty. Nnadi is an extremely common surname used in much African community. Hi, I am writing a novel and the main character (a girl) is from Sudan. Widely used among the Yoruba families, it means help build our house or build my house for me. 26. The names are organised into subsections based on the location of their origin, in order to make this list as clear as possible for your enjoyment. 101. I am having trouble picking the right name for her, and I want to get it correct so the first name and last name come from the same culture and make sense together. What a wonderful name; Maduabuchi Onwuachimba (Igbo-Nigeria). Explore the most common surnames in South Africa. 47. Anyone using the information provided by Kidadl does so at their own risk and we can not accept liability if things go wrong. Afrikaans names shared by family members. 99. This page was last edited on 20 June 2022, at 04:46. My parents wanting to embue me with an African name, unknowingly gave me a first and middle name that reflects part of my ethnic origin It means descendant of the lion clan, and is suitable for both genders. Popoola It means intelligent people, love god. Kagiso (Tswana origin) means peace. You will find the place of origin and the meaning of each name in this list too. Pretorius Southern African, Afrikaans. 68. The most common South African surnames come from Nguni clans, which consist of the Zulu, Xhosa, and Ndebele clans. 89. 88. Find your South African last name, meaning, and origins. De Beer is a Dutch and Afrikaans surname, meaning "the bear". 100. 23. 62. I bet you were unable to make out a few of their pronunciation. So I would say that perhaps one would find God in a lot more African names than one would suspect. 78. Tawfiq Means an opportunity or chance to gain knowledge or succeed in life. It is mostly given to girls. If you are looking for more unique names, you can look at our articles on South African Names and African Last Names. The Ashanti or Asante people anticipate a good future for their children by giving the name Acheampong, which means destined for greatness. Common South African surnames. An appreciative masculine name that embraces a new arrival with positivity, it means the king/crown/royalty filled the house. 63. Meaning: The son of royalty. 64. Having its origin in the Shona group of Zimbabwe, the name means a call to observe or to see that which has happened. 72. Meaning: Mercy. Quansah Origin: Ghanaian. I just feel happy to say that this programme of conscientization is excellent. 72. Deng Mador K-Dengdit, Sudanese in Australia, African names like most traditional names like John (Yahweh is gracious) , Patrick (nobleman) , Natasha (christmas day), Abdul (servant of..) etc.. have meanings. Nelson Mandela was the first president of South Africa in the post-Apartheid era. It is both a surname and given name of Yoruba origin, which means the crown gained advancement. We hope you liked our selection. Onai Having its origin in the Shona group of Zimbabwe, the name means a call to observe or to see that which has happened. 98. Juma (Swahili origin) means Friday born. Hassan Origin: An Arabic name found throughout Morocco. And many of the names in Oromo (another Ethiopian language) that contain Waaq as in Waaqgari, or Waaqayoo are similar derivations from the Oromo word for God (Waq). On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Pages in category "Afrikaans-language surnames" The following 148 pages are in this category, out of 148 total. 17. We strive to recommend the very best things that are suggested by our community and are things we would do ourselves - our aim is to be the trusted friend to parents. It is generally given to boys. It has its origin in the Shona groups of Zimbabwe. Amaechi (Igbo origin) meaning "who knows tomorrow". It originates in Igbo and means child of the supreme God. Afia (Akan origin) meaning "born on a Friday," commonly found in Ghana and the Ivory Coast. Popular among the female populace of Nigeria, it is an inspirational name which means she opens the way. Gcobani One of the most popular and optimistic Xhosa names is Gcobani, which means be joyful. I am trying to find out if the sir name(last name) can indicate what part of Africa a person is from. Etienam Having its roots in Ibibio, the surname or nickname Etienam means a doer of good or benevolent. It means the compound remains strong in Igbo language. At Kidadl we pride ourselves on offering families original ideas to make the most of time spent together at home or out and about, wherever you are in the world. 4. 28. This name is primarily masculine. Dlamini: Another among South African names of Etswana origin that means royalty. I am certain that many other cultures equally create such names. Chrizanne (South African origin) from the Afrikaans tribe, this is a combination of Christine and Anne. 66. YM, Ethiopia. Okoro (Igbo origin) meaning "greatness". Gowon Rooted in the Tiv language, Gowon means the rainmaker. It originates in Igbo and means child of the supreme God. There are ten countries found in this part of the continent, not counting the island of Madagascar. Medupe (Tswana origin) meaning "gentle rain". It means one who is born during the festival or war. Tawedzwegwa Purpose Katakwa, Zimbabwe. Kanye -Popularised by celebrity rapper Kanye West, the Igbo name Kanye means lets give or to give honor or tribute. 100. Oyekan (Shona origin) meaning "we are many". 51. Among the Hausa tribes of Nigeria, Babangida means the master of the house. Nwadike -It is of Igbo origin and means one who is from a strong lineage, this person is strong, child warrior, or son of a hero. Some are based on ones village or tribe, personal characteristics, or where they live. 49. Umburter Derived from the Tiv language, it means remember the father. Family Education is part of the Sandbox Learning family of educational reference sites for parents, teachers, and students. 63. Oluwusi It means kingship has increased. Chisomo (Malawi origin) means grace. 6. FamilyEducation does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. de Klerk. 1. This list may not reflect recent changes. Kidadl provides inspiration to entertain and educate your children. Amadou Toumani Toure was a radical Malian military leader who served twice as Mali's president. It is usually considered a male name. Meaning: The Chosen One., 58. Adomako Origin: Ghanaian. 95. 71. Mangosuthu Buthelezi was an African tribal leader and one of the founders of the IFP (Inkatha Freedom Party). Falade Several African names and surnames, when translated, often make full sentences. So Ndubueze means that life is king to live is to be a king. 1. Last names or family names are surnames that identify a person's family, community, tribe, or village. It means may I not lack a family or a home. 68. 13. In the Igbo language, Aguta means to have plenty or to have plenty/many. It is usually considered to be suitable for boys. This also doesnt include some of the well-known tribes like Igbo and Yoruba. 93. It is usually given to boys. Eke Eke means superstructure of the roof. This name is primarily given to male members. Zuma meaning "of God". Playing with names really is part of many African cultures. It has its origin in the Tiv language, and means fathers love. 43. Abioye (Nigerian origin) means "born into royalty," from the Yoruba ethnic group. Abioye Origin: Nigerian. 14. 87. Egebe Another nickname that also functions as a surname is Egebe, which means kite. While going through these last names, remember that many African names may be masculine; however, as parents, choose the surnames that connect with you and suit your baby. It means one who is invulnerable to dark magic. Bankole (Yoruba origin) meaning "build my house for me". 52. 17. 97. 91. Meaning: The night has passed.. 59. Derived from the Tiv language, it means remember the father. My family name has a click C as well. 150 Unique and Most Common African Last Names (Surnames), African Culture 16 most interesting traditions, 10 trending Kaftan outfit ideas for grooms-to-be, Richest Person In Kenya And Top 10 Wealthy Kenyans, Turkey is to completely erase all Somalias debts to the IMF, 5 highest paid African football players in 2020, 10 of Africas most amazing Tourist places you must visit, The 10 Best Africans In The English Premier League, 16 Reasons Why You Should Visit South Africa For The Holidays. 52. 48. Asa directly translates to shield, so Alasa means lord or owner of the shield. Generally used as a masculine name, it means we have increased or multiplied or we are many among the Shona group of Zimbabwe. Last name Onwuachimba means Death could never wipe out a community. 16. This surname shows the devout nature of the people towards religion and belief in God. March 03 , 2023. This name is often given to boys. 90. Among the Igbo groups, Igwe means heaven, which is considered the highest realm of existence. 8. It also means the next to be crowned among the Yoruba speaking groups. Zammit (Tunisian origin) means servant of. Generally given to boys, it has its origin in the Amharic language, and means trinity. Dlamini (Etswana origin) meaning "royalty". Meghnagi (Libyan origin) could refer to zion. If you liked our suggestions for South African last names then why not take a look at something different like Nigerian Last Names or Caribbean Names. 14. Okeke (Igbo origin) meaning "born on Eke". Many common South African last names make references to natural occurrences. Die Afrikaner-familienaamboek : sketse en besonderhede omtrent die voorgeslagte van bekende Afrikanerfamilies An alphabetical list of South African surnames and early genealogy connected therewith. 4. Miriam Makeba was a civil rights activist, United Nations goodwill ambassador, singer and actress. 89. It has its origins in the Benin culture and means seeking refuge in the elders protection. Most Popular African Last Names on FamilyEducation: Ba, Ballo, Dial, First Trimester To-Do List: Take Care of Yourself. Meaning: Spirit. 70. 42. It is an Igbo surname and nickname, which conveys pride. We also link to other websites, but are not responsible for their content. Kidadl has a number of affiliate partners that we work with including Amazon. Dogo (Hausa origin) meaning "little". Motaung meaning "lions". The name originates from Bemba and it means origin. Onyilogwu -It means one who is invulnerable to dark magic. It is also a display of honor for the eze or king in some parts of Igboland. We can be baptised another Kenyan/African and more meaningful name than being another of the somewhat bland Peters and Janes of the world. Derefaka Gogo, Canada, In Most West African countries (Togo, Benin, Ghana, Cote dIvoire), the majority of Southern people name their children based on their day of birth. There we go! Adebisi is one of the many African names that mean king. The main difference is that African parents will not just put a label on their progeny without finding out what the label is saying about their hopes and aspirations, beliefs and culture and life experiences. Malan. Meaning: Bushbuck.. 31. Examples are Afrikaans, Xhosa, Zulu, Ndebele, and Tswana to name a few. 41. Its other variants are Orjea, Orjee, Orjey, Orjie, and Orjy. Some practice various tribal religions, others Islam or Christianity. By joining Kidadl you agree to Kidadls Terms of Use and Privacy Policy and consent to receiving marketing communications from Kidadl. Abdallah Origin: An Arabic name found through Sudan. It means one who acts at the time of scarcity. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Afrikaans-language_surnames&oldid=1108286178, Template Category TOC via CatAutoTOC on category with 101200 pages, CatAutoTOC generates standard Category TOC, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 September 2022, at 15:23. 21. A A A. Avocado consumption in South Africa has been on the rise in recent years, just like in many other places around the world. Ganizani (Botswanan origin) means think in Chewa. 71. Osei (Ghanaian origin) means "noble person" or "royalty," and is common among the Akan people. 27. 67. Nkrumah is not alone in fostering the identity of Africanism the late President Mobutu Sese Seko dropped his own Christian name and even renamed his country the then Belgian Congo which became Zaire. Benhaim (Judoe origin) means son of life. This last name originates from the Igbo group. Last names come from indigenous, colonialist, and diasporic roots. Elmalik (Arabic origin) means the King, often found in the countries of northern Africa. Ghana's founding father Kwame Nkrumah chose to name his two sons after fellow African leaders. Okoro - Origin: Nigerian (Urhobo). It is primarily masculine in essence. For example: Sefu "sword" and Tau "lion" (masculine) and Marjani "coral" and Ife "love" (feminine). It means one who does good to others. Gbeho Origin: Ghanaian. Grigahcine (Kabyle origin) this last name is most widely found in Algeria. 20. Olanrewaju (Yoruba origin) meaning "my prosperity is moving forward". Coetzee Afrikaans. Enjoyably, the pronunciation of these African surnames gives you a thrill that you can never get with any other set of Surnames. Meaning: Handsome, manly, or strong.. 24. Many of the population here practice Islam, hence there are a lot of names that originate from the Arabic language too. From the first tribes on the earth to modern-day societies, African names represent ancestral meanings. Other variants are Efua, Afua, and its male version is Kofi. Africas different groups and tribes represent its cultural diversity and rich tradition. Dive into this post for some amazing and interesting African surnames. How big and representative is the sample. It is generally regarded as suitable for boys. Any information you provide to us via this website may be placed by us on servers located in countries outside the EU if you do not agree to such placement, do not provide the information. 19. It is typically a male name. Haggar (North African origin) means flight. Ayodele (Yoruba origin) meaning "joy comes home". Mbatha meaning "protector". It is a conventional surname across various African people and means one who is born on orie market day. (Both proud and amused!). Unlike some places, African surnames dont really follow trends or have common features or patterns. From Latin praetor meaning "leader". At Kidadl we pride ourselves on offering families original ideas to make the most of time spent together at home or out and about, wherever you are in the world. Abara: Originating from the Igbo group of West Africa, Abara means 'spirit'. 43. Imari is a variant of the African name Imani, meaning loyal.. 85. South african last names starting with M Musa Origin: Nigerian. Lupondo South African. They are rich in culture and have versatile meanings and pronunciations. Abebe (Amharic origin) meaning "flower". Deressa (Ethiopian origin) the meaning of this name isnt quite clear. Please note: prices are correct and items are available at the time the article was published. Farouq The redeemer, one who differentiates between the right and wrong. Find out how surnames are ranked in popularity, how many people in the United States of America bear a particular name, and how the statistics change between 1990 and 2000 US Censuses. 80. Here is a list of famous South African last names and meanings. 99. Forebears knows about 821,426 unique surnames in South Africa and there are 66 people per name. Kimathi (Kenyan origin) meaning "earnest provider". Browse our list of the most common South American names and surnames from A-Z. 62. Boujettif Origin: Northern African (Archaic). Madhurima has completed her Masters in Biochemistry from North Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong. This name has been brought to the big screen all over the world through a fictional character Okoye in a cultural phenomenon, the Black Panther movie. Baharia (Swahili origin) means one who sails, common among the people of Tanzania and Kenya. SOUTH AFRICAN SURNAMES - A PLEASE NOTE: This is ONLY a listing of who is interested in which South African families. 20. These people bear some of the most uncommon first names and surnames. This article contains incorrect information, This article doesnt have the information Im looking for, 100 African Last Names With Meanings And History, 60+ Funny Orc Names That Are Perfect For Your Next Campaign, All Of The Pillar Men Names From JoJo's Bizarre Adventure, 100+ Ice Hockey, Roller Hockey, And Hockey Team Names From Past And Present, 80+ Beaver Names From Fiction, Plus Cute And Funny Ideas For Names. 42. 59. It shows the unity of the families in the Yoruba groups. You need to be quite careful and focused to be able to produce these African last names as they should be. The Africans really delve into their culture, language, and ethnicity to bring out tremendous names. 36. It means peace, suitable for a boy or a girl. Cisse (Madinka origin) meaning "professor". 3. But 32 years later the late Laurent Kabila kicked Mobutu out, and re-baptised the country the Democratic Republic of Congo. 5. So a name is really very important. A common name among the Kenyan people, Kenyatta means musician. A name that reflects the gratitude of the family is Chamapiwa, meaning that which you have been given. Ndaba meaning "news". It means sturdy or mighty tree. Mensah One of the most popular African names, Mensah comes from the Akan group, and means third child born to a couple. Gebreyes (Ethiopian origin) means servant of. Mostafa Origin: An Arabic name found throughout Egypt. 81. 41. Opeyemi It is both a surname and a given name, which means I should give praise. 44. For example: Sefu sword and Tau lion (masculine) and Marjani coral and Ife love (feminine). Chimwemwe (Malawi origin) means pleasure or joy. Wairimu Kuria, Kenyan in US, African names comes with great pride and power. 2. 33. Kasongo (Congolese origin) meaning "bushbuck". It is considered a male name. Mines Margaret, or Latin for some Catholics. Oliver Tambo was a South African revolutionary and head of the ANC (African National Congress) for 24 years. Abiodun Origin: Yoruba. This complex background makes summing up African naming traditions in a few paragraphs very difficult. Her love for content creation made her pivot her career from science to writing. From lino cutting to surfing to childrens mental health, their hobbies and interests range far and wide. 73. Keita meaning "blessing". The people of South Africa take inspiration from several sources when it comes to surnames. These countries have their own beautiful languages, resulting in a range of different names that are unique to this region. Osei meaning "royalty". FamilyEducation does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. This information is for educational purposes only and not a substitution for professional health services. 3. Dawit (Amharic origin) means beloved. Chikondi (Malawi origin) means love. Umburter (Tiv origin) meaning "remember the father". Sekou Nkrumah was named after Guinea's first President Sekou Toure, while Gamal Nkrumah got his name from Egyptian President Gamal . Boitumelo (Botswanan origin) means joy. Adebisi Origin: Nigerian (Yoruba). South African variant of Both. Esther Mahlangu is an artist best known for contemporary paintings based on her cultural heritage. For example if you were born on a Monday and named Kojo or Kodjo for a boy or Adjo for a girl, you would be taken as a zealous man or woman because Monday is the first day of work after the weekend, and if you were born on a Wednesday and named Kokou for a boy or Akwa for a girl, you were taken as a half-lazy person because people usually work or go to school for just the first half of the day -from 7 to 12- and use the other half as leisure time, and if you were born on a Sunday and named Kossi for a boy or Kossiwa for a girl, you were taken as the child of God, the pure, pretty child because people dress up pretty to worship God at the mass on Sunday. 69. A well-liked Yoruba male name, Abioye means born into royalty or the son of royalty. 8. We have listed 100 surnames of African origin in this article. Interesting article, where did you source the data this research is based on. 2022 Sandbox Networks Inc. All rights reserved. Chidiozie is a long-established surname in many African communities. 30. 54. Chibuzo is an African last name that means God give me directions. Well send you tons of inspiration to help you find a hidden gem in your local area or plan a big day out. Among the citizens of Senegal, Ndiaye is a ferocious surname as well as a given name. 22. 52. The two civil sanctions that are available to Mrs Tau to enforce the maintenance order in her and the boys ' favour in the specific circumstances of this case are; I.A warrant (writ) of execution against the maintenance debtor ' s property. Do you know what region or tribe that that would be from? Bayu (Ethiopian origin) meaning wind. The Igbo people do not use family names. 69. Apply this search to the user-submitted names, the letters in the pattern are compared to the letters in the name, search for an exact phrase by surrounding it with double quotes, this field understands simple boolean logic, force a term to be included by preceding it with a, force a term to be excluded by preceding it with a, sounds can only be searched in names that have been assigned pronunciations, syllables can only be counted in names that have been assigned pronunciations, names without pronunciations are excluded from results, the "relationship" is how the name relates to its parent name. Kidadl has a number of affiliate partners that we work with including Amazon. Van Graan. 7. They speak Afrikaans and generally worship in Reformed Christian churches, but exhibit discernible non-European ancestry, in particular African ancestry. West Africa is home to some of the most popular African last names. The first name is Bright. Richard Maponya was a South African conglomerate who built a business empire. Submitted names are contributed by users of this website. elephant bar lettuce wraps copycat recipe,

Oregon Pers Police And Fire Retirement Age, Dean Martin's First Wife Betty Macdonald, When Is Ossoff Up For Reelection, Articles S