Main article: White Lotus Rebellion Beginning in 1794, two decades after Wang Lun's failed uprising, a movement also arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan from Hubei and Shaanxi in central China as tax protests. "Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History." Sikh uprisings against the Mughal Empire in India, Pugachev's Revolt in the Russian Empire, and the White Lotus Rebellion in China mirrored the rebellions in the Atlantic world. Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. The Chinese authorities burned 20,000 bales of opium, and the British retaliated with a devastating invasion of mainland China, in two wars known as the Opium Wars of 183942 and 185660. After more than 2,000 years, though, Chinese imperial power under the last Chinese dynasty was about to collapse for good. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. By 1900, foreign powers including Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan had established "spheres of influence" along China's coastal areas. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. What should be done with these revolutionary cultists? Although the rebellion continued for nine years, it never became an organized attempt to establish a new dynasty. Members of the society were not ethnically different from Han Chinese, but subscribed to a belief based on a mixture of Taoism, Buddhism, and Manichaeism. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. After the strnggle had lasted six years, Lin Chi-hich was captunredd. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." Update now. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas found in the scriptures with orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. They are not like some external tribe . He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. This is a list of major rebellions that have occurred in China from 209 BCE to present times. Rather, it consisted of uncoordinated roving bands using hit-and-run guerrilla tactics. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government in 1804, it marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). }, Page last modified: In 1896, Yan Fu translated Herbert Spencer's treatises on social Darwinism. In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. This Liu Chi-hieh set up a youth named Wang Fa-sheng, whom he represented to be a member of the Chu family and a descendant of the Ming emperors, as the rightful sovereign of the people. The White Lotus Rebellion was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. Encyclopedia.com. How did the Rebellion impact the Qing dynasty? Qing control weakened and prosperity diminished by the 19th century. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. A similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China as tax protests. 12 talking about this. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. It had cost the lives of countless civilians and regular troops, including more than 400 high officers, and consumed more than 200 million liang /tael, which corresponded to four times the annual revenues of the state treasury. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. At the same time, technologies for treating contagious diseases such as smallpox, and the extensive use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques were also imported from the West. Nevertheless, where can you catch hints that the -angel longs for his former state? from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. It took nine years of warfare and great loss of life before the rebellion was put down. . Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). It was an organized religion, which was once popular in Yuan Dynasty. A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Imperial forces. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. It took almost ten years and huge financial waste to defeat the badly equipped White Lotus Rebellion (1795-1804), partly by legitimizing militias led by local Hn Chinese elites. France seized Southeast Asia, creating its colony of French Indochina. Grandmother. By that time, however, the regular government forces were too ridden with corruption to be of any use. The Qing believed that the way to avoid the errors of the White Lotus rebellion was to clamp down on foreign influence. Qing Dynasty, China's Last Imperial Family, The Boxer Rebellion in Editorial Cartoons, Biography of Sun Yat-sen, Chinese Revolutionary Leader, The Fall of the Ming Dynasty in China in 1644, Tibet and China: History of a Complex Relationship, The Complex Structure of Ethnic Conflict in the Frontier: Through the Debates Around the 'Jindandao Incident' in 1891, The Monarch and Inner/Outer Court Dualism in Late Imperial China, 'Revolution': Conceptualizing Political and Social Change in the Late Qing Dynasty, Moving to the Right Place at the Right Time: Economic Effects on Migrants of the Manchuria Plague of 191011, Size and Dynastic Decline: The Principal-Agent Problem in Late Imperial China, 17001850. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion."[7]. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. Tibet has been an independent country throughout the historical period and since time immemorial according to Tibetans' own myth-based sense of, Xinjiang (shnjyng) or Sinkiang (shnjyng, snkyng) [Chinese,=new frontier], officially Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Mandarin Xinjiang U, For more information on Chinese history and culture, seeVol. As one Qing official complained: The rebels are all our own subjects. Inventions Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. [6], A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. It broke out in 1794, and was at full height in 1796, among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. In the stockades they were organized into local militia defense corps. But as oue leader fell or was captured, another replaced him, and as the rebellion was extinguished in one place, it blazed out in another. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. The Qings were from Manchuria, and they established their dynasty as a conquering force of the Ming dynasty by non-Chinese outsiders, maintaining that identity and organization throughout their 268-year reign. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. Within China, dissent grew, and the empire began to crumble from within. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . The rules of Emperor Kangxi from 1661 to 1772 and Emperor Qianlong from 1735 to 1796 were still considered the golden age of prosperity. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Omissions? The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. This page was last updated at 2022-12-21 05:40 UTC. [citation needed]. The crippled Qing dynasty clung to power for another decade, behind the walls of the Forbidden City, but the Wuchang Uprising of 1911 put the final nail in the coffin when 18 provinces voted to secede from the Qing dynasty. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. however it was indirectly responsible because it was the catalyst for the other rebellions that occurred in the future. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. The Emperor Qianlong (Ch'ien-lung) (reigned 173599) sent Helin, brother to the infamously corrupt eunuch Heshen and Fukangan, related by marriage to the Emperor, to quell the uprising. [citation needed], For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10, "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 17961805", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Lotus_Rebellion&oldid=1139241640, Dai, Yingcong. In response, the Qing Empress Dowager Cixi clamped down hard on reformers. ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. At first the Ch'ing administration, under the control of Ho-shen, sent inadequate and inefficient imperial forces to suppress the ill-organized rebels. His rule covered a span of 63 years, a reign lo, Kublai Khan Led by Lin Qing (; 1770-1813) and Li Wencheng, the revolt occurred in the Zhili, Shandong, and Henan provinces of China. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus members dedicated themselves to the overthrow of the alien Manchu and to the return of the previous Ming dynasty (13681644). _____ us amazing stories about her youth in Hong Kong. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, he took the title Hongwu and founded a new dynasty - the Ming. [12] The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. Although the Manchu finally crushed (1804) the rebellion, the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchu was shattered, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th cent. The rebels are all our own subjects. All our content comes from Wikipedia and under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. However, the date of retrieval is often important. By the mid-19th century, the Qing dynasty had been in power for over a century, and the elites and many of their subjects felt they had a heavenly mandate to remain in power. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. The river flooded constantly, and other natural disasters also occurred. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus. In 1774, one instance of a derivative sect, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing near the city of Linqing. Rather than following the path of Japan's Meiji Restoration and modernizing the country, Cixi purged her court of modernizers. The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion that occurred during the Qing Dynasty of China. During much of that time, China was the single, undisputed superpower in East Asia, with neighboring lands such as Korea, Vietnam, and an often-reluctant Japan trailing in its cultural wake. A decree from the Emperor Daoguang admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" Using the arrest of sectarian members as a threat, local officials and police extorted money from people. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. The nine-years long White Lotus war had devastated a large number of districts in Central China. The Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, has once again become popular among the common people. However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. Snow Lotus | Frisco TX Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. that can be demarcated by a territorial boundary and identified by its distinctive clothing and language. View original page. Since the 1340s, the Mongol Yuan Dynasty was experiencing problems. One of the tools they used to stay in power was a very strict restriction on trade. White Lotus sectarianism appealed to other Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother, who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. The doctrine of the White Lotus includes an alleged forecast to the advent of the Buddha. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/White-Lotus-Rebellion, Ancient Origins - The White Lotus Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China, GlobalSecurity.org - White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. Rapid and often reckless development of the Shensi uplands, however, often led to soil erosion, rapid loss of fertility, and declining crop output. The Red Turban Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Hngjn Qy) was an uprising influenced by the White Lotus Society members that, between 1351 and 1368, targeted the ruling Yuan Dynasty of China, eventually leading to its overthrowing.

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