Haplogroup K2a (M2308) and its primary subclade K-M2313 were separated from Haplogroup NO (F549) in 2016. The M527-defined sub-clade is unusual in that it reflects the presence of hg G-U1 that is otherwise rare in Europe. Russ J Genet 2004; 40: 326331. Pericic M, Lauc LB, Klaric IM, Janicijevic B, Rudan P : Review of croatian genetic heritage as revealed by mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomal lineages. Encyclopedia of mtDNA Origins - Discover your maternal lineage. The 96 populations were collapsed into 50 regionally defined populations by excluding populations where the total G count was less than n=5. Flores C, Maca-Meyer N, Gonzalez AM et al. Genomics 1999; 57: 433437. Haplogroup G ( M201) is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup. Slider with three articles shown per slide. Thus, G2a3a-M406, along with other lineages, such as J2a3b1-M92 and J2a4h2-DYS445=616, may track the expansion of the Neolithic from Central/Mediterranean Anatolia to Greece/Italy and Iran. Various estimated dates and locations have been proposed for the origin of G-M201, most of them in Western Asia. Nei M : Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. If a sample meets the criteria indicated for these three markers, it is likely the sample is G2a2b1. These two reported Pakistani G-M377 haplotypes are quite divergent from the Ashkenazi Jewish clade, and therefore do not at all indicate a recent common origin. This is achieved by comparing the haplotypes through the STR markers. G2a was found also in 20 out of 22 samples of ancient Y-DNA from Treilles, the type-site of a Late Neolithic group of farmers in the South of France, dated to about 5000 years ago. Y-DNA haplogroups are useful to determine whether two apparently unrelated individuals sharing the same surname do indeed descend from a common ancestor in a not too distant past (3 to 20 generations). The coalescent times (Td) of various haplogroups were estimated using the ASDo methodology described by Zhivotovsky et al,32 modified according to Sengupta et al.13 We used the evolutionary effective mutation rate of 6.9 104 per 25 years, as pedigree rates are arguably only pertinent to shallow rooted familial pedigrees,33 as they do not consider the evolutionary consequences of population dynamics including the rapid extinction of newly appearing microsatellite alleles. Because SNPs provide the most reliable method of categorization, each is allowed to represent an official G category. P257 was first reported in 2008. The geographic origins of a Y chromosome haplogroup for males can be deciphered from the phylogenetic tree of mankind, or the Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree, maintained by the International Society of Genetic Genealogy ( ISOGG, 2016 ). Article Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 10231034. It has an extremely low frequency in modern populations, except (i) Iran and its western neighbors, and (ii) a region straddling south Central Siberia (Russia) and northern Kazakhstan. Ancient DNA suggests the leading role played by men in the Neolithic dissemination. Spatial autocorrelation analysis was carried out to assess the presence/absence of clines regarding informative G sub-haplogroups. M286 was first identified at Stanford University at chromosome position 21151187, and is a mutation from G to A. Martinez L, Underhill PA, Zhivotovsky LA et al. Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, European Journal of Human Genetics (2021), European Journal of Human Genetics (2020), European Journal of Human Genetics (Eur J Hum Genet) https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2012.86, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2012.86. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Genetic evidence concerning the origins of South and North Ossetians. Article Kivisild T, Rootsi S, Metspalu M et al. For the multi-copy STR DYS389I,II the DYS389b value was DYS389I subtracted from DYS389II. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Name: G-L14 Age: 7800 ybp 1700 CI 95% Expansion: 5200 ybp 1900 CI 95% Parent: G-L1 Note: This information does not imply an endorcement of YFull or their methods. [20] The city is on the banks of the river Drava, which notably begins in the Tirol/Tyrol region of the Alps, another haplogroup G focus area in Europe. Haplogroup L2b1a is a branch on the maternal tree of human kind. The haplogroup G mutation developed about 21,000 to 14,000 years ago. The expansion time of G-M406 in Anatolia is 12800 years ago, which corresponds to climatic improvement at the beginning of the Holocene and the commencement of sedentary hunter-forager settlements at locations, such as Gobekli Tepi in Southeast Anatolia, thought to be critical for the domestication of crops (wheat and barley) that propelled the development of the Neolithic. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67: 15261543. G2a2b1 is more common in southern Europe than northern Europe. The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective. No labs have yet assigned them shorthand names. The L91 mutation is found at 21327383 and rs35474563 on the Y-chromosome. JD and JC were supported by ANR program AFGHAPOP No BLAN07-9_222301. While it is found in percentages higher than 10% among the Bakhtiari, Talysh people, Gilaki, Mazandarani and Iranian Azeris, it is closer to 5% among the Iranian Arabs and in some large cities. There were only a few G categories until 2008 when major revisions to categories were made. G-PF3147 (previously G-L223 and G-PF3146) is characterized by having the L223 mutation. Its estimated Td of 120953000 years ago suggests considerable antiquity allowing time to accumulate STR diversity and also to disperse relatively widely. So far all G2a1 persons have a value of 10 at STR marker DYS392. Dulik MC, Osipova LP, Schurr TG : Y-chromosome variation in Altaian Kazakhs reveals a common paternal gene pool for Kazakhs and the influence of Mongolian expansions. [7], (Subclades here conform to the Y-DNA SNP definitions used by ISOGG In 2012, several categories found only in one man in research studies were removed from the ISOGG tree causing some renaming. In Europeexcept in Italy G2a2b1 constitutes less than 20% of G samples. Two additional markers, DYS38829, 30 and DYS46131 were typed separately. G-P16 is also occasionally present in Northeast Caucasus at lower frequencies (Supplementary Table S1), consistent with a previous report.3 Outside the Caucasus, hg G-P16 occurs at 1% frequency only in Anatolia, Armenia, Russia and Spain, while being essentially absent elsewhere. The SNP L177 (a.k.a. Spatial frequency maps for sub-clades (panels bf) were obtained by applying the frequencies from Supplementary Table S1 using the Surfer software (version 8, Golden Software, Inc.), following the kriging algorithm with option to use bodies of water as breaklines. . Semino O, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Falaschi F, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA : Ethiopians and Khoisan share the deepest clades of the human Y-chromosome phylogeny. Pichler I, Fuchsberger C, Platzer C et al. Lacan M, Keyser C, Ricaut FX et al. Kayser M, Caglia A, Corach D et al. The presence of hg G was first reported in Europe and Georgia5 and later described in additional populations of the Caucasus.6 Subsequently, several data sets containing hg G-related lineages have been presented in studies of different European populations7, 8, 9, 10 and so on, as well as studies involving several Middle Eastern and South Asian populations.4, 11, 12, 13, Hg G, together with J2 clades, has been associated with the spread of agriculture,5 especially in the European context. Nature 2010; 466: 238242. In Wales, a distinctive G2a3b1 type (DYS388=13 and DYS594=11) dominates there and pushes the G percentage of the population higher than in England. SR thanks the Estonian Science Foundation for grant 7445 and M Metspalu for grant 8973. [44] The "U" SNPs were identified in 2006 but not published until 2009.[45]. Genome Res 2008; 18: 830838. First, here is the only region with co-presence of deep basal branches as well as the occurrence of high sub-haplogroup diversity of haplogroup G. Nonetheless, our approach using high-resolution phylogenetic relationships as well as their phylogeography to infer the possible origin of a genetic variant provides a more plausible deduction than simply the region of highest frequency. Chromosome Y microsatellites: population genetic and evolutionary aspects. Ancient DNA from European early neolithic farmers reveals their near eastern affinities. Y-STR haplotypes were used to construct phylogenetic networks for haplogroups G-P303, G-P16 and G-M377, using the program Network 4.6.0.0 (Fluxus-Engineering, Suffolk, England, UK) and applying the median-joining algorithm. 25 and 0.00069 denote the assumed average generation time in years and the effective mutation rate, respectively, and 1000 is used to convert the result of the equation (into thousands of years). First, the G2a1-P16 lineage is effectively Caucasus specific and accounts for about one-third of the Caucasian male gene pool (Figure 2f). Kaniewski D, Van Campo E, Van Lerberghe K et al. The corresponding coalescent estimate for M377 is 5600 years ago (Supplementary Table S4). Gurdeep Matharu Lall, Maarten H. D. Larmuseau, Mark A. Jobling, Hovhannes Sahakyan, Ashot Margaryan, Richard Villems, Javier Rodriguez Luis, Leire Palencia-Madrid, Rene J. Herrera, Sandra Oliveira, Alexander Hbner, Jorge Rocha, Alessandra Modi, Desislava Nesheva, David Caramelli, Maxat Zhabagin, Zhaxylyk Sabitov, Elena Balanovska, Veronika Csky, Dniel Gerber, Anna Szcsnyi-Nagy, European Journal of Human Genetics The mutations involved may be complicated and difficult to interpret. The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people. Included within G-L91 are some men with double values for STR marker DYS19, but there are also G2a2 men with this finding who are not L91+. Haak W, Balanovsky O, Sanchez JJ et al. Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a). Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosome Variation Provides Evidence for a Recent Common Ancestry between Native Americans and Indigenous Altaians. The number of STR marker values separating men in this group suggest G-PF3359 is a relatively old group despite the small number of men involved. In addition, we introduce five new markers: M426, M461, M485, M527 and M547 (Supplementary Table S2). Members of this group have been found in Europe and the Middle East.[3]. G-P303*, also known as G2a2b2a* (previously G2a3b1*), and its subclades are now concentrated in southern Russia and the Caucasus, as well as, at lower levels, other parts of Europe and South West Asia, especially an area including Turkey, Iran and the Middle East where G2a2b2a may have originated. Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. Human Y chromosome DNA grouping common in western Eurasia, This article is about the human Y-DNA haplogroup. The hg G2a3b1c-L497 sub-cluster, on the other hand, has so far been found essentially in European populations and therefore is probably autochthonous to Europe. The highest percentage of G-P303 persons in a discrete population so far described is on the island of Ibiza off the eastern Spanish coast. Amongst the Madjars, G1 was found at a rate of 87%. The authors of the Spanish study indicated that the Avellaner men had rare marker values in testing of their short tandem repeat (STR) markers. All G-M377 men tested so far also have a rare null value for the DYS425 marker, (a missing "T" allele of the DYS371 palindromic STR), the result of a RecLOH event, a finding not yet seen among most other G haplotypes. New insights into the Tyrolean Icemans origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing. Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R et al. Even more G SNPs were identified in 2009 to 2012 leading to more changes. L141 persons who do not belong to any L141 subclade so far have the value of 11 at STR marker DYS490 a finding rare in other G categories. The Network 4.6.0.0 (Fluxus-Engineering) program was used (median-joining algorithm and the post-processing option). To obtain [6], A more eastern origin has also been mentioned, believed by some to originate in an area close to the Himalayan foothills. Among Jews in Israel drawn from many areas of the world, G-M377 constituted 3.7% in one study. International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_G-M201&oldid=1139571590, Articles with dead external links from January 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from April 2022, Articles with spreadsheet file bare URLs for citations, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with self-published sources from October 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2021, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, M201, PF2957, L116, L154, L204, L240, L269, L402, L520, L521, L522, L523, L605, L769, L770, L836, L837, M201, P257/U6, Page94/U17, U2, U3, U7, U12, U20, U21, U23, U33, Other males purported to be members of Haplogroup G include: German-American pioneer and soldier, This page was last edited on 15 February 2023, at 20:17. Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish priesthood. The oldest skeletons confirmed by ancient DNA testing as carrying haplogroup G2a were five found in the Avellaner cave burial site, near Les Planes d'Hostoles, in Catalonia, Spain and were dated by radiocarbon dating to about 5000 BCE. G2a3a-M406 has a modest presence in Thessaly and the Peloponnese (4%),10 areas of the initial Greek Neolithic settlements. The frequency pattern and the microsatellite network of E-M2(xM191) indicate a West African origin followed by expansion, a result that is in agreement with the findings of Cruciani et al. Almost all haplogroup G1 persons have the value of 12 at short tandem repeat (STR) marker DYS392 and all will have the M285 or M342 SNP mutation which characterizes this group. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 694704. A majority of members of G-P303 belong to one of its subclades, rather than to G-P303*, The largest G-P303* subclade based on available samples is one in which almost all persons have the value of 13 at STR marker DYS388. We attempted to localize the potential geographic origin of haplogroup G-M201 by considering those locations containing both G1-M285- and G2-P287-related lineages as well as the co-occurrence of high sub-haplogroup diversity. Although the phylogenetic resolution within hg G has progressed,1, 17 a comprehensive survey of the geographic distribution patterns of significant hg G sub-clades has not been conducted. Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in Southeast Europe. [4], Two scholarly papers have also suggested an origin in the Middle East, while differing on the date. Google Scholar. In 2012, SNPs with the Z designation as first identified by citizen researchers from 1000 Genomes Project data began to appear. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18: 463470. While acknowledging that the inference of the age and geographic source of dispersals of Y chromosome haplogroups from the frequency and STR diversity data can be approximate at best, we speculate that this lineage could potentially be associated with the Linearbandkeramik (LBK) culture of Central Europe, as its highest frequency (3.45.1%) and Td estimate (Supplementary Table S4) of 108703029 years ago occur there. (This followed the publication of: Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS. To accommodate for variability in sample sizes and hg G content, haplogroup diversity was calculated using the method of Nei37 only in the 52 instances when total population sample size exceeded 50 individuals and 5hg G chromosomes were observed. The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and caste populations. Semino et al. No clinal patterns were detected suggesting that the distributions are rather indicative of isolation by distance and demographic complexities. Although hg G1 frequency distribution, overall, extends further eastward as far as Central Asian Kazakhs (present even among Altaian Kazakhs38 with identical STR haplotypes compared with the main Kazakh population), it is virtually absent in Europe. Haplogroup G1 is a primary subclade of haplogroup G . Eur J Hum Genet 2009; 17: 820830. G-P16 has a high frequency in South and NW Caucasus, with the highest frequency among North Ossetians63.6%. The haplogroups contain many branches called subhaplogroups or subclades. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4. [5] Cinnioglu et al. Zhivotovsky LA, Underhill PA, Cinnioglu C et al. More distantly, G2a3a-M406 occurs in Italy (3%) with a Td of 8100 years ago, consistent with the model of maritime Neolithic colonization of the Italian peninsula from coastal Anatolia and/or the Levant. These Neolithic European were descendants of Neolithic farmers from Anatolia, among some of the earliest peoples in the world to practice agriculture. Men who belong to this group but are negative for all G2 subclades represent a small number of haplogroup G men. Whereas the presence of Mideastern mtDNA in Tuscany43 supports the model of early Iron Age migrants from Anatolia (putative Etruscans) colonizing Central Italy,44 the occurrence of the G2a3b1c-L497 lineage in Italy is most likely associated to migratory flows from the north. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987. The general frequency pattern of hg G overall (Figure 2a) shows that the spread of hg G extends over an area from southern Europe to the Near/Middle East and the Caucasus, but then decreases rapidly toward southern and Central Asia. Haplogroup G2a1 (also known as G-FGC753 and previously as G-L293) and its subclades represent the majority of haplogroup G samples in some parts of the Caucasus Mountains area. (2004) Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the . Gene pool structure of Eastern Ukrainians as inferred from the Y-chromosome haplogroups. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4). The genetic legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant Europeans: a Y chromosome perspective. The fragments were run on the ABI PRISM 3130xl Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). Because M201 was identified first, it is the standard SNP test used when testing for G persons. ISSN 1476-5438 (online) Kharkov VN, Stepanov VA, Borinskaya SA et al. Zalloua PA, Xue Y, Khalife J et al. We attempted to localize the potential geographic origin of . Also for P15* and L91 lineages Td estimates, DYS19 was excluded owing to duplications in these lineages.36. PLoS One 2009; 4: e5792. The highest frequencies of haplogroup G appear in the Caucasus region; however it also shows significant frequencies in the Mediterranean areas and the Middle East [69,70]. [38][self-published source?] [2], In 2012, a paper by Siiri Rootsi et al. [36], G-PF3359 (or G2a2b2b; previously G2a3b2) was known prior to 2013 as G-L177. In the Near/Middle East, the highest P303 frequency is detected among Palestinians (17.8%), whereas in Europe the frequency does not exceed 6%. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 788788. Dulik MC, Zhadanov SI, Osipova LP et al. Evaluation of Y-chromosomal STRs: a multicenter study. A clade of closely related Ashkenazi Jews represent virtually all G2b persons, with just three other G2b haplotypes having been reported so far: one Turk from Kars in northeast Turkey near Armenia, one Pashtun, and one Burusho in Pakistan. Ashkenazi Jewish G2a1a men with northeastern European ancestry form a distinct cluster based on STR marker values. In addition, there are multiple other SNPs thought to have the same coverage as M201. In contrast to G1, the absolute majority of hg G samples belonged to G2-P287-related sub-clades, with the vast majority of them being associated with G2a-P15-related lineages. IK thanks the Russian Foundation for Basic Research for grant 08-06-97011 and the Grant of the President of the Russian Federation of state support for young Russian scientists MK-488.2006.4. [39], Haplogroup G-M377 has been found at a frequency of 60% out of a sample of five Pashtuns in the Wardak region of Afghanistan. Semino O, Passarino G, Oefner PJ et al. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Capelli C, Brisighelli F, Scarnicci F et al. Haplogroup G is a branch on the maternal tree of human kind. These latter labs also made use of raw data results reported by individuals tested for about 2,000 SNPs at 23andMe to provide new L or S-designated SNP tests. We estimate that the geographic origin of hg G plausibly locates somewhere nearby eastern Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran. In human genetics, Haplogroup G-P303 ( G2a2b2a, [2] formerly G2a3b1) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. Furthermore, the U1-specific sub-clade M527 is most pronounced among Ukrainians and Anatolian Greeks. There are additional subclades of DYS388=13 men characterized by the presence of specific SNPs or uncommon STR marker oddities. Internet Explorer). The hg G-U1 subclade is characterized by several sub-clusters of haplotypes, including a more diverse cluster mostly represented by Caucasus populations. The suggested relevant pre-historical climatic and archeological periods specified in conjunction with lineage-specific estimated expansion times are specified in the summary portion of Supplementary Table S4. The Sea Peoples, from cuneiform tablets to carbon dating. In contrast, the only U1 representative in Europe is the G-M527 lineage whose distribution pattern is consistent with regions of Greek colonization. It is one of two branches of the parent haplogroup GHIJK, the other being HIJK . A more compact cluster of Near/Middle Eastern samples is also resolved in the network. Eur J Hum Genet 20, 12751282 (2012). The L141 mutation is found on the Y chromosome at 2948607. Vernesi C, Caramelli D, Dupanloup I et al. Capelli C, Brisighelli F, Scarnicci F, Blanco-Verea A, Brion M, Pascali VL : Phylogenetic evidence for multiple independent duplication events at the DYS19 locus. Am J Hum Genet 2006; 78: 202221. The complexity is apparent in both the phylogenetic resolution and geographic patterning within hgs G and J2a. Principal component analysis based on G sub-haplogroup frequencies was performed using the freeware POPSTR program (http://harpending.humanevo.utah.edu/popstr/). Mol Biol Evol 2006; 23: 22682270. Balanovsky O, Dibirova K, Dybo A et al. Ann Hum Genet 2008; 72: 205214. Cadenas AM, Zhivotovsky LA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ : Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman. Although the present-day frequency of G1 is low across its spread zone, the expansion time estimate (Supplementary Table S4) of 192716158 years attests to considerable antiquity. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82: 873882. Haplogroup G2a (G-P15) has been identified in Neolithic human remains in Europe dating between 5000 and 3000 BC. Y-chromosome lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Acores record elements of Sephardim and Berber ancestry. Moreover, the accuracy and validity of the evolutionary rate has been independently confirmed in several deep-rooted Hutterite pedigrees.34 Furthermore pedigree rate-based estimates cannot be substantiated, as they are often inconsistent with dateable archeological knowledge, for example, as clearly illustrated regarding the peopling of the Americas.35 Coalescent times based on 10 STR loci (DYS19, DYS388, DYS389I, DYS389b, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS439, DYS461-TAGA counts) and the median haplotypes of specific hg G sub-haplogroups are presented in Supplementary Table S4. Barac L, Pericic M, Klaric IM et al. A separate study on the Argyns found that 71% of males belong to G1. PLoS Biol 2010; 8: e1000536. Men with the haplogroup G marker moved into Europe in Neolithic times. In the northern and highland areas of the island of Sardinia off western Italy, G percentages reach 11% of the population in one study[17] and reached 21% in the town of Tempio in another study. [25], In the Middle East, haplogroup G accounts for about 3% of the population in almost all areas. The G-L13 subclade is most common in north central Europe, and G-Z1266 is most common in the western Caucasus Mountains. Notably no basal G-M201*, Page94*(xM285, P287) chromosomes were detected in our data set. The second common hg G lineage in the Caucasus is U1, which has its highest frequencies in the South (22.8% in Abkhazians) and NW Caucasus (about 39.7% in Adyghe and 36.5% in Cherkessians), but also reaches the Near/Middle East with the highest frequency in Palestinians (16.7%) and, shows extremely low frequency in Eastern Europe. It is a branch of Haplogroup F (M89), and is theorized to have originated, according to the latest thinking, in the Near East or Southern Asia, likely in the region that is now northern India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. In the G2a3b-P303 network (Figure 4), there are several region-specific clusters, indicating a considerable history for this SNP. The overall coalescent age estimate (Supplementary Table S4) for P303 is 12600 years ago. Sims LM, Garvey D, Ballantyne J : Improved resolution haplogroup G phylogeny in the Y chromosome, revealed by a set of newly characterized SNPs. Hg G is most common in the Caucasus with a maximum frequency exceeding 70% in North Ossetians,2, 3 decreasing to 13% in Iran4 and then rapidly dissipating further eastward. The P303 SNP defines the most frequent and widespread G sub-haplogroup. Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route. The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) maintains the most up-to-date consensus version of haplogroup categories. Eur J Hum Genet 2007; 15: 485493. However, interpretations based on simple haplogroup frequency clines do not recognize underlying patterns of genetic diversification. Using Y-STR data, the Td expansion time for all combined P15-affiliated chromosomes was estimated to be 150822217 years ago. Haplogroup definition, a set of similar haplotypes inherited together, or a group who shares a set of similar haplotypes, used to understand genetic lineages. Google Scholar. Network of 248 samples P303 derived from Supplementary Table S3. [8][9], Furthermore, the majority of all the male skeletons from the European Neolithic period have so far yielded Y-DNA belonging to this haplogroup. But a high percentage of U1 men belong to its two subclades, G-L13/S13 and Z1266 (G2a3b1a1b). The first principal component separates the populations of the Caucasus from those of Europe, with the Near/Middle Eastern populations being intermediate (Figure 3a). Haplogroup G was the first branch of Haplogroup F outside of Africa. Int J Legal Med 1997; 110: 134149. A high percentage of G-Z1903 men belong to its subclade, G-Z724. P15 was identified at the University of Arizona and became widely known by 2002. The highest frequency values for P303 are detected in populations from Caucasus region, being especially high among South Caucasian Abkhazians (24%) and among Northwest (NW) Caucasian Adyghe and Cherkessians39.7% and 36.5%, respectively. There are multiple SNPs which so far have the same coverage as P15. See more. The origin of haplogroup G is controversial. You belong to a subgroup of haplogroup G (G-M201), The Caucasus Mountaineers, and your oldest. [21] In a study of 936 Indians, haplogroup G made up less than 1% of the sample and was completely absent in the tested Northwestern Indian population. Geographic spread patterns of the P303-derived groups defined by L497, U1 and P15(xP303)-derived P16 and M406 lineages, all of which achieve a peak frequency of at least 10%, are presented in Figures 2bf, respectively. Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia. Origin. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18: 348353. The G2 clade consists of one widespread but relatively infrequent collection of P287*, M377, M286 and M287 chromosomes versus a more abundant assemblage consisting of G2a-related P15*, P16 and M485-related lineages. It is a branch of haplogroup G (Y-DNA) (M201). It is a child of haplogroup M12'G. It was likely born in the East Asia around 32,000 years ago. Although M527 frequency (Supplementary Table S1) is relatively low (16%), its phylogeographic distribution in regions such as southern Italy, Ukraine and the Levant (Druze and Palestinians) often coincides with areas associated with the Neolithic and post-Neolithic expansions into the Greek Aegean beginning approximately 7000 years ago.41 The expansion time (Td) of M527 is 71002300 years ago and is consistent with a Middle to Late Neolithic expansion of M527 in the Aegean. The L141 mutation involves an insertion.[35]. G-M377, now also known as G2b1, has previously been designated G2b and G2c. However, no clinal patterns were detected in the spatial autocorrelation analysis of the five sub-haplogroup frequencies with distance, suggesting that the distributions are not clinal but rather indicative of isolation by distance and demographic complexities. In Lebanon, however, G accounts for 6.5% of the population and in Iran to around 10%. The North Ossetians in the mid northern Caucasus area of Russia belong overwhelmingly to the G2a1 subclade based on available samples.

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