The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable ELIZABETH KNOWLES According to Hurbon (1987), several macoutes were stoned and others were burned alive. State Against Nation. Known to torture its victims with methods including electric shock, removal of teeth and finger nails, as well as boiling water treatment, SAVAK spent the majority of its resources weeding out and torturing either the Shia or communist opponents to the Shahs rule. Tonton Macoutes, a militia force put together in 1959 by President Franois Duvalier, translated, means Uncle Gunnysack, referring to a bogeyman that captures children in a gunnysack and eats them for breakfast. 3, Port-au-Prince, CUDHAC, 2003. While executions were not as widespread as other secret police forces, torture was a matter of course, with many political prisoners left in solitary confinement for lengthy periods of time, deprived of sleep and burned, either by cigarette, grills or even acid. "Uncle Gunnysack." Tontons Macoutes stoned and burned people alive. Duvalier, who declared himself president for life, created the Tonton Macoute the following year in 1959. Dolo k tomu v roce 1959 po pokusu tradin mulatsk elity a armdnch piek legln zvolenho prezidenta Duvaliera svrhnout. Unpaid volunteers who were directly responsible only to Duvalier, they were given virtual license to torture, kill, and extort. Trouillot, Michel-Rolph, Haiti. Luckner Cambronne was a particularly fierce head of the Tonton Macoute throughout the 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s. This religious affiliation gave the Tontons Macoute a kind of unearthly authority in the eyes of the public. Even the most conservative estimate makes it one of the largest massacres on a single day in Latin America in the 20th century. Seven of its occupants, aged 20 to 30 years, were shot and killed while fleeing the house. Edwidge Danticat was born in Haiti and currently lives in Miami. For a detailed list of the most emblematic individuals responsible for executions and killings committed by macoutesand the military, see Pierre-Charles (2000: 45-49). Tonton Macoute a member of a notoriously brutal militia formed by President Franois Duvalier of Haiti, active from 1961-86. For a detailed list of some of the victims of this regime, two victims and academic organizations web sites based in the United States can be consulted (Frre and Fordi9). Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. Observers note that the poor were the main target of repression, although many well-known figures from the middle class, such as Aristides Minister of Justice, Guy Malary, and businessman Antoine Izmry, were also murdered by paramilitary groups. Hurbon, Laennec, Comprendre Hati, Karthala, , 1987. The latter believe the massacre was manufactured to be used against President Aristide. Soldiers collected several bodies, which were not seen again. The Benot, Edelyn and families were exterminated and their bodies left in full view in front of their houses. The democratically elected President Aristide ruled from 1994 to January 1996, and again from 2001 to 2004. According to Pierre-Charles (1973), the urban lumpenproletariatwas the social background of most macoutes. Tonton Macoute: Directed by Nigel Robinson. ", Montas recalls "the smell of rotting bodies for days, but also the gripping smell of fear. Conjugao Documents Dicionrio Dicionrio Colaborativo Gramtica Expressio Reverso Corporate. 1 a ; ; . In the episode, Doakes has an altercation with Jacques Bayard, a past member of Tonton Macoute. Day group, London and Bedford Barcode and Other Identifiers During the 28 years in power of Papa Doc and his playboy son and heir, Jean-Claude Duvalier, or Baby Doc, the Tonton Macoutes and their henchmen killed between 30,00 and 60,000 Haitians, and . Human Rights Watch said that the Avril regime's decision was a political, not a legal one, as the regime had the legal option of not granting safe passage, and had made no effort to challenge the Republic's asylum decision. A confidential memorandum of the Secretary of the Navy (in Gaillard, 1981: 238-241) criticized these indiscriminate killings against natives during several weeks. In July 1920, H.J. However, women and children were systematically excluded from repression (even the families of the leaders of the various rebellions against Alexiss regime). Successive dictators have raped, murdered and even reputedly eaten their enemies. Literature. Printed and made by the E.J. The intimidation became so extreme that the MVSN, who were rightly known as the Tonton Macoutes, began burning people alive, or stoning them to death. 1987 (July 29): Army soldiers fired on a crowd protesting against the armys celebration of the anniversary of the foundation of the macoutes. An unruly teen survives the night while being hunted by the Haitian Boogieman. This regime qualified as a totalitarian one according to Trouilot (1990), who carried out a detailed study of the roots and forms of Duvalierism. Tonton Macoute was a Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois 'Papa Doc' Duvalier.In 1970, the militia was officially renamed the Milice de Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (Militia of National Security Volunteers or MVSN, probably taking name from the homonymous Italian Fascist paramilitary organization). Americas Watch, Physicians for Human Rights, National Coalition for Haitian Refugees, Return to the Darkest Days: Human Rights in Haiti since the Coup, New York, 1991. 7, New York, 1996. He profited by extortion carried out by his henchmen and by supplying corpses and blood to universities and hospitals in the United States. In addition, 82 houses had been looted and torched. 1986 (February 7): Dchouquageof the Duvalier regime. Haitian police and military units also acted with impunity. Between the fall of the Duvalier regime in 1986 and the December 1990 election, a series of short-lived military governments and coups dEtat punctuated the 5-year inter-regnum. Massillon Coicou, one of the most prominent Haitian poets of the early 20th century, was the first victim of the killings (his death inspired Le Pote assassin by the French poet Apollinaire.) Based on a similar French agency, which the African OCRB often worked with, many crimes by the police force itself have gone unpunished, and a particularly effective method of torture, Le Caf, where one is beaten with a baton and then forced to walk an excruciating distance, became commonplace in interrogations of suspected bandits. He walked the streets at night, looking for children who stayed out too late. At least 1,000 people were killed during the following few weeks, according to the Platform of Human Rights Organizations, the main human rights group at that time in the country. Hurbon, Laennec, La Dsymbolisation du pouvoir et ses effets meurtriers, Chemins Critiques, Montreal, Cidihca, 2001. She was seventeen years old. At the same period, locals had been embroiled in a tax dispute and had refused to pay taxes on the sale of agricultural products, which had alienated the Duvalier regime further. List of battleships of the United States Navy, homonymous Italian Fascist paramilitary organization, Front for the Advancement and Progress of Hati, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, Defunct law enforcement agencies of Haiti, The Central Nervous System of Haitis Reign of Terror, http://books.google.com/books?id=LOhHGx4v23oC&pg=PA33, http://books.google.com/books?id=F84K3p923iIC&pg=PA66, http://books.google.com/books?id=bNLG1G2SnpkC&pg=PA202, http://books.google.com/books?id=4IIB0Yu_sL4C&pg=PA21, The Serpent and the Rainbow film which mentions them. For tourists on cruise ships plying the Caribbean, Haiti appears a beguiling, mysterious place. Numa, the taller and thinner of the two, stands erect, in perfect profile, barely . From the very well known and notorious, to others that may be new to the reader, here are ten of the most vicious, terrifying secret police forces in (mostly) modern history. His wife spent 10,000 a month on flowers and always wore expensive furs indoors - with officials facing death if they forgot to turn on the air-conditioning. In the Port-au-Prince neighborhood of Carrefour Vincent, an undetermined number of army soldiers and paramilitary groups attacked a house with automatic weapons, tear gas and grenades. Massacre du 26 Avril 1963 : Vido de la terreur des Duvalier. Danroc, Gilles and Roussire, Daniel, La Rpression au quotidien en Hati (1991-1994), Commission Justice et Paix du diocse des Gonaives (Justice and Peace Commission of the Gonaives diocese), Karthala, , 1995. The Tonton Macoute sat at an otherwise empty table, a bottle of rum and half-filled glass in front of him. Tonton Macoute day was 29 July 1985, and amongst festivities the group was bestowed new uniforms and was honored by all of Baby Doc's cabinet. NE 4; Vinyl LP). Tonton Macoutes tntn mkoot [ key] [Haitian Creole,=bogeymen], personal police force of dictator Francois Duvalier (Papa Doc) of Haiti. Most of the inhabitants were forced to flee the area and several dead bodies were eaten by dogs and rodents, as family members, fearing for their lives, preferred not to collect the corpses. The hunt was on. _ *** (Pierre-Charles, 2000: 85-86; Avril, 1999: 146-149; Interviews with witnesses). Keyboardist/vocalist Paul French reemerged at decade's end with art-rockers Voyager, which issued three albums between 1979 and 1981. Family members who tried to remove the bodies for proper burial often disappeared. The vast majority of the victims belonged to the social and intellectual elites of the capital. 589-636. After the July 1958 Haitian coup d'tat attempt against President Franois Duvalier, he purged the army and law enforcement agencies in Haiti and executed numerous officers as he perceived them as a threat to his regime. Genres: Jazz-Rock, Progressive Rock. His house was set on fire, with a seven-month-old baby inside. This is a secret force of two or three thousand gun-carrying ruffians, wearing no uniforms, a . According to Trouillot (1990: 106), 5,500 people died in forced labor camps. Seligman estimated the number of innocent victims (men, women and children) at 3,000. (Label) 1971 Pulsar / Carlin Music Manufactured by RCA Limited, England. Men, women, children and elderly people were killed. 1902 (September 17): 10 disarmed peasants from the government forces were killed on orders of the pro-Firmin general Laborde Corvoisier after a battle in Limb (in the North of the country). Chassagne, Albert, Hati, bain de sang, in Frantz-Antoine Leconte (ed. Though Russia and the Soviet Union have had numerous brutal secret police forces, notably the Cheka and the KGB, the NKVD is most notorious as it was the secret police force in the Soviet Union for the majority of Joseph Stalins reign. This killing was allegedly carried out in retaliation for the burning of an army lieutenants home in the area during the night of October 1. The MICIVIH carried out an investigation immediately after the event and concluded that it was a premeditated collective murder., _ *** (Commission Nationale de Vrit et de Justice, 1997: chapter V, section B; MICIVIH, 1994). According to an OAS report (ICHR, 1991), which does not provide details on its sources and its methodology, 75 individuals were killed and 150 wounded, all of them (sic) macoutes or persons directly associated with Roger Lafontant. [23], The lack of funds coming to the Tonton Macoute was a result of those funds being intercepted by the Duvalier dynasty which was sometimes taking nearly 80 percent of international aid to Haiti, then turning around to pay only 45 percent of the debts the country owed. It had become the norm, whole families guilty by bloodline, condemned, executed.". Montas joins an even shorter list of high profile victims, whom Baby Doc is able to identify by name. The regime did not formally record who was imprisoned and who was executed, nor did it even attempt to keep track of this. The most exhaustive study was carried out by CRESFED, a local NGO (Pierre-Charles, 2000). Those who had been arrested were threatened at the prison. "While in prison," he recalls, "I witnessed the annihilation of a generation, a silent genocide known only to the few who survived. During the time of the NKVD, nearly ten million prisoners died in the Gulags, while millions more languished for years in the forced labour camps. His cruelty earned him the nickname Vampire of the Caribbean. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. _ * (Hurbon, 1987: 10-11, 155 and 143; NCHR, 1986: 53-59; Interviews with witnesses). Tonton Macoute was a Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois 'Papa Doc' Duvalier. 1, 2001. Cambronne moved to Miami, Florida, US, where he lived until his death in 2006. Available at:http://www.haiti.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/vrit_justice.pdf, Concannon, Brian, Justice for Haiti; The Raboteau Trial, 2001. Le tonton macoute tait assis seul une table, devant une bouteille de rhum et un verre moiti plein. While the young have never been told, while so many older Haitians have chosen to forget, while some politicians are now attempting to rewrite history, and while the charges against Jean Claude Duvalier are still pending, I hope that the voices of those saying 'never again' will this time be heard.". Later on the same day, peasants from Guyton and Coligny, assisted by army soldiers from Saint-Marc, Artibonite, travelled to Gervais and carried out further killings in retaliation. He walked the streets at night, looking for children who stayed out too late. A bogeyman of Haitian Creole folklore. Having returned Aristide briefly to power in 1994, the US military acting in concert with Canadian and French military forces, and in close coordination with former Tonton Macoutes and army . A nine-year old child from one of them managed to escape but was later found and then brought to the Presidential Palace, where he was allegedly put to death by Franois Duvalier himself. The Duvaliers relied on a secret armed militia called Tonton macoutes(its official name was the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale, or National Security Volunteers), which imposed a rule of terror on the Haitian population (Diederich and Burt, 2005). One of the most brutal secret police forces as well, the Securitate was responsible for monitoring and spying on Romanian citizens, as well as their arrests, tortures and executions. Many people were outraged that these individuals could appear on television, without any disguise, confess their participation in these events and threaten future criminal acts with no fear of being arrested by the authorities."[4]. Political opponents often disappeared overnight, or were sometimes attacked in broad daylight. According to witnesses, the FRAPH prevented inhabitants from fleeing their burning houses. In November 1988 armed men led by a uniformed soldier murdered Michelet Dubreus and Jean Flix - two members of the popular organization Verit who had signed a public letter identifying participants in the massacre. In less than 11 years, the Khmer Rouge and its secret police murdered nearly two million people. From their methods to their choice of clothes, Vodou always played an important role in their actions. ), En Grandissant sous Duvalier. *** (Chassagne, 1999: 235-262; Pierre-Charles, 2000: 94-102). The founder and leader of FRAPH, Emmanuel Toto Constant, lives in exile in the United States, in spite of pressure from human rights organizations to have him extradited to Haiti. Following Jean-Claude Duvaliers flight and exile, a crowd of half a million people took to the streets of Port-au-Prince, chased macoutes and destroyed the symbols of despotism.

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