Muscle spindles are stretch receptors that detect the amount of stretch, or lengthening of muscles. Specific types of receptors called __________ detect stimuli in the internal organs. d. Reduced lens flexibility, Photoreceptors in the retina of the eye detect changes in light intensity and wavelength. Touch receptors are denser in glabrous skin (the type found on human fingertips and lips, for example), which is typically more sensitive and is thicker than hairy skin (4 to 5 mm versus 2 to 3 mm). 4 - Ossicles Olfaction is also known as remote __________. a. Bony labyrinth -Semicircular canals 4. The receptive fields of Merkels disks are small with well-defined borders. They may be massed together to form a sense organ, such as the eye or ear, or they may be scattered, as are those of the skin and viscera. Because of this, it will decrease the ability of other stimuli to elicit pain sensations through the activated nociceptor. Receptors can be classified structurally on the basis of cell type and their position in relation to stimuli they sense. Wed love your input. dendrites enclosed in a capsule. Indicate whether the given structure is located in the outer, middle, or inner ear. 5. Krause end bulbs detect cold. 2 - Sound waves are amplified due to movement by the auditory ossicles. b. Cochlear hair cells -Cornea Merkel's discs detect sustained touch and pressure. Optic nerve - Olfactory cells Mechanoreceptors sense stimuli due to physical deformation of their plasma membranes. Several distinct receptor types form the somatosensory system including thermoreceptors (heat), nociceptors (pain), and mechanoreceptors (pressure). c - Inferior colliculus The relative density of pressure receptors in different locations on the body can be demonstrated experimentally using a two-point discrimination test. e. Bipolar cells Using an allowable stress of 9MPa9 \mathrm{~MPa}9MPa for the concrete and 120MPa120 \mathrm{~MPa}120MPa for the steel, determine the largest allowable positive bending moment in a portion of the slab 1m1 \mathrm{~m}1m wide. __________ are receptors that detect chemicals. In this paper, an acoustic radiation force-optical coherence elastography (ARF-OCE) system was proposed to evaluate LVC by measuring the residual stromal bed (RSB) elasticity, because it is directly relevant to the RSB . The Cardiovascular System: The Heart, Chapter 20. - Supporting cells c) Cold. The Peripheral Nervous System, Chapter 18. The cells that are photoreceptors (detect color) are ________. d. Stapes, 5. oval window *Stapes b. Visceral pain can be so great that it causes somatic pain. Other somatosensory receptors are found in the joints and muscles. Related to chemoreceptors are osmoreceptors and nociceptors for fluid balance and pain reception, respectively. Free nerve endings are the most common nerve endings in skin, and they extend into the middle of the epidermis. 4. vestibular membrane These injuries may result from sports or recreational activities, motor vehicle crashes, falls, physical assaults, and gunshot wounds. interoceptors Place the three regions of the ear in order from lateral to medial: - external ear - inner ear - middle ear 1. -Vitreous humor Different types of stimuli from varying sources are received and changed into the electrochemical signals of the nervous system. The cells in the retina that respond to light stimuli are an example of a specialized receptor cell, a photoreceptor. Merkels disks and Meissners corpuscles are not as plentiful in the palms as they are in the fingertips. b. Ca 2+ * caffeine Rods: Light touch, also known as discriminative touch, is a light pressure that allows the location of a stimulus to be pinpointed. e. stapes. b. Lacrimal sac How can a person perceive over 4,000 different odors? Hence, correlation and prediction of biococentration factors (BCFs) based on max and vibration frequencies of various bonds viz (C-H) and (C=C) of biphenyl and its fifty-seven derivatives have been made. Other transmembrane proteins, which are not accurately called receptors, are sensitive to mechanical or thermal changes. From the soft touch of the child to the painful punch of a boxer, all the daily activities carry . * nicotine. Through which cranial nerves does gustatory information travel? Such stretch receptors can also prevent over-contraction of a muscle. Order the structures of the eye fromsuperficial to deep. Pacinian corpuscles; a large, encapsulated tactile receptor that detects deep pressure and high-frequency vibration. Describing sensory function with the term sensation or perception is a deliberate distinction. A sensation occurs when neural impulses from these receptors reach the cerebral cortex. Another physical stimulus that has its own type of receptor is temperature, which is sensed through a thermoreceptor that is either sensitive to temperatures above (heat) or below (cold) normal body temperature. Place the ossicles of the ear in order from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. 1) Sclera 2) Choroid 3) Pigmented layer 4) Neural layer What type of receptor is found in the mucous membranes? A free nerve ending is an unencapsulated dendrite of a sensory neuron; they are the most common nerve endings in skin. Finally, a proprioceptor is a receptor located near a moving part of the body, such as a muscle or joint capsule, that interprets the positions of the tissues as they move. b. sensations. What type of receptors detect deep pressure and vibration? - It is a benign tumor Which of the following is a location where Krause bulbs are located? - Pigmented layer of the retina. The Slowly Adapting type 2 (SA2) mechanoreceptors, with the Ruffini corpuscle end-organ (also known as the bulbous corpuscles ), detect tension deep in the skin and fascia and respond to skin stretch, but have not been closely linked to either proprioceptive or mechanoreceptive roles in perception. b. gets higher. Some transmembrane receptors are activated by chemicals called ligands. - Foliate __________ pain is a sensation associated with a body part that has been removed. CN 8 has two divisions, the __________ branch and the __________ branch. What was the author's purpose? Three ways to classify receptors 1. type of stimulus 2. body location 3. structural complexity Mechanoreceptors respond to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch Theremoreceptors sensitive to changes in temperature Photoreceptors respond to light energy (retina) Chemoreceptors respond to chemicals (e.g., smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry) 7. basilar membrane, What ion is responsible for depolarization of hair cells of the spiral organ? In low-light conditions, only rods are activated, and visual acuity is best in the ________ of the eye. These modalities include pressure, vibration, light touch, tickle, itch, temperature, pain, proprioception, and kinesthesia. and (6, -3.8). b. tympanic membrane. c. Visceral sensory neurons travel along the same pathway as many somatic sensory neurons. d. gets lower. If two points are felt as two separate points, each is in the receptive field of two separate sensory receptors. The four major types of tactile mechanoreceptors include: Merkel's disks, Meissner's corpuscles, Ruffini endings, and Pacinian corpuscles. Such low frequency vibrations are sensed by mechanoreceptors called Merkel cells, also known as type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors. That makes them finely sensitive to edges and they come into use in tasks such as typing on a keyboard. Pacinian receptors detect pressure and vibration by being compressed which stimulates their internal dendrites. d. Dopamine, a. hair cells covered by an otolithic membrane, When you travel in an elevator (which moves linearly in space), the ___________ detect when the elevator is accelerating or decelerating. ____ Current evidence suggests that endothermy evolved at least four times. The sensory receptors in the skin are: Mechanoreceptors Ruffini's end organ (skin stretch) End-bulbs of Krause (Cold) Meissner's corpuscle (changes in texture, slow vibrations) Pacinian corpuscle (deep pressure, fast vibrations) Merkel's disc (sustained touch and pressure) Free nerve endings thermoreceptor nociceptors chemoreceptors Figure3. Which layer of the eye contains the blood and lymph vessels? c. overlapping visual fields. A tactile sensory receptorcan be defined as the peripheral ending of a sensory neuron and its accessory structures, which may be part of the nerve cell or may come from epithelial or connective tissue. a. Presbyopia - It can be caused by exposure to loud music. What is commonly referred to as touch involves more than one kind of stimulus and more than one kind of receptor. The hypodermis, which holds about 50 percent of the bodys fat, attaches the dermis to the bone and muscle, and supplies nerves and blood vessels to the dermis. How does light affect rhodopsin? Mechanical, chemical, or thermal stimuli beyond a set threshold will elicit painful sensations. 2. What disease causes fluid build up in the eye, dislocating the lens? It joins opsin to retinal. In skeletal muscle tissue, these stretch receptors are called muscle spindles. f. Ganglion cell, 1. g. Retina. Fill in the blanks. Related to these are Golgi tendon organs, which are tension receptors that detect the force of muscle contraction. They are found in the walls of the carotid artery and the aorta where they monitor blood pressure, and in the lungs where they detect the degree of lung expansion. b. inferior colliculus. Two types of somatosensory signals that are transduced by free nerve endings are pain and temperature. Meissners corpuscles respond to touch and low-frequency vibration. Exteroceptors Gustatory cells are found in taste __________. - There are more than 100 million rod cells per eye. a. Axons of ganglion cells from nasal halves of both retinas 3. perilymph of scala vestibule 5 - A pressure wave in the endolymph of the cochlear duct displaces a specific region of the basilar membrane. - They are immobile. d. Axons of glanglion cells from the retina of the left eye, Which disorder of refraction is corrected with a concave lens? 7. ends with the round window, free nerve endings are terminal branches of. What chamber is between the iris and cornea? of the following EXCEPT a the sensation of pain b. the sensation of itch c the sensation of touch d the sensation of vibration 28. 3) Horizontal cells which is activated in the two-point discrimination test, employs several types of receptors. Within the realm of physiology, senses can be classified as either general or special. d. Temporal bone. detect hearing and balance. d. Oval window 5. A detached retina is caused by a separation between which two layers? Different kinds of receptors respond to different kinds which is a type of tonic receptor that detects both continuous deep pressure and distortion of the skin? 4 - The vestibular membrane begins to vibrate. Paraplegia, paralysis of both lower limbs, is caused by an injury lower on the spinal column. a. Na+ What type of phasic receptors detect light touch, shapes, and textures? The suspensory ligaments connect the __________ to the ciliary muscles. Pacinian corpuscles, Ruffini endings, and Krause end bulbs detect pressure. a. complex in structure : Taste buds are made of gustatory cells, supporting cells, and __________ cells. The general senses also include the visceral senses, which are separate from the somatic nervous system function in that they do not normally rise to the level of conscious perception. Ask anyone what the senses are, and they are likely to list the five major sensestaste, smell, touch, hearing, and sight. 1. endolymph of cochlear duct 1. What type of receptors detect deep pressure and vibration? Rapidly adapting light-touch receptors Located in superficial dermis Pacinian corpuscles: Detect deep pressure and vibration Located in deep dermis Epidermis Derived from ectoderm Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium 4 or 5 main layers: Stratum basale (stratum germinativum): Deepest layer Germinating layer a. Choroid -Pacinian corpuscles are rapidly-adapting, deep receptors that respond to deep pressure and high-frequency vibration. c. Tympanic membrane b. spiral organ. The input arguments are vectors What is the most numerous type of receptor? Which terms indicate a receptor type that is classified by its modality of stimulus? These sensory receptors are known as the cutaneous receptors and they are found in the epidermis and dermis of the skin. Optic disc b. Pinna c. primary auditory cortex. Mascular degeneration occurs when the __________ degenerates. * acids We will discuss the special senses, which include smell, taste, vision, hearing and the vestibular system, in chapter 15. An Introduction to the Human Body, Chapter 2. Finally, vision involves the activation of photoreceptors. Malleus b. 7. basilar membrane Neurons are not physically connected, but communicate via neurotransmitters secreted into synapses or gaps between communicating neurons. Mechanoreceptors - provides sensations of touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception, Ruffini endings are slow adapting, encapsulated receptors that respond to skin stretch and are present in both the glabrous and hairy skin. If the volcanic rocks were launched at an angle of 4040^{\circ}40 with respect to the horizontal and landed 900m900 \mathrm{~m}900m below the crater, (a) what would be their initial velocity and (b) what is their time of flight? They induce pain. c.primary auditory cortex. Merkel cells are expanded dendritic endings, and they respond to sustained pressure and touch. Endolymph has a __________ sodium and __________ potassium concentration. Note that these warmth detectors are situated deeper in the skin than are the cold detectors. Touch and pressure are sensed by four types of mechanoreceptors ( Figure 8-1 ). What is the receptor of deep pressure? Are receptors that can respond to changes in pressure? A fifth type of mechanoreceptor, Krause end bulbs, are found only in specialized regions. 4. Order the layers of the eye from superficial to deep. The modulus of elasticity is 20GPa20 \mathrm{~GPa}20GPa for the concrete and 200GPa200 \mathrm{~GPa}200GPa for the steel. *Pinna, Structures apart of inner, middle, or outer ear? Stressed or damaged tissues release chemicals that activate receptor proteins in the nociceptors. 4. vestibular membrane Write a user-defmed function that plots a triangle and the circle that circumscribes For humans, the only electromagnetic energy that is perceived by our eyes is visible light. Bulbous corpuscles are also known as Ruffini corpuscles, or type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors. 6. Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis or superficial fascia): Not part of the integumentary system. They are found primarily in the glabrous skin on the fingertips and eyelids. - Sprained ankle b. Acetylcholine Mechanoreceptors in the skin are described as encapsulated (that is, surrounded by a capsule) or unencapsulated (a group that includes free nerve endings). Asama, Japan, is an active volcano. Damage to one eye will result in detect pain, temperature. b. CN II - Optic nerve Other overlooked senses include temperature perception by thermoreceptors and pain perception by nociceptors. b. somatic sensory receptor. A special sense (discussed in Chapter 15)is one that has a specific organ devoted to it, namely the eye, inner ear, tongue, or nose. They are a cutaneous receptor found in the dermis or epidermis. Stimuli are of three general types. An injury to the upper part of the spinal cord may result in quadriplegia, or paralysis of both upper and lower limbs. b. binocular vision. 3) Lacrimal sac To view close objects, the ciliary muscle will _____, the suspensory ligament will _____, and the lens will become more _______. 6. perilymph of scala tympani True or False: The primary purpose of the eyebrows is to keep sweat out of the eyes. Incus The configuration of the different types of receptors working in concert in human skin results in a very refined sense of touch. a. medial geniculate nucleus. Which type of receptors do not exhibit adaptation? These are slow-adapting, encapsulated mechanoreceptors that detect skin stretch and deformations within joints; they provide valuable feedback for gripping objects and controlling finger position and movement. What causes Trachoma, a type of conjunctivitis? Temperature receptors are free nerve endings. Deeper in the dermis, near the base, are Ruffini endings, which are also known as bulbous corpuscles. Hair follicle receptors: detect light . a. medial geniculate nucleus. Which structure is filled with pigment from melanocytes? { "36.01:_Sensory_Processes_-_Reception" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.
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