Which of the following could be considered the most recent common ancestor of living tetrapods? Which of the following organisms would be considered the earliest tetrapod? It also contains organs like lungs and heart. Choanocytes have flagella that propel water through the body. A. Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Created by stephensonchea C) Reproduction On top of this is a waxy layer, which acts to retain water within the cuticle and reject water from outside. The organs of the coelom are supported by the aqueous fluid, which also resists external compression. An example of a primitive endoskeletal structure is the spicules of sponges. It also includes the pectoral girdle, or shoulder girdle, that attaches the upper limbs to the body, and the pelvic girdle that attaches the lower limbs to the body (Figure 19.10). Which of the following statements is false? The image shows a diagram of a human endoskeleton with the major bones labeled. Figure 3. Food particles, including waterborne bacteria and unicellular organisms such as algae and various animal-like protists, are trapped by the sieve-like collar of the choanocytes, slide down toward the body of the cell, and are ingested by phagocytosis. Animals exchange heat with their environment through radiation, conduction . A) Rats Although there are advantages to molting, such as regrowth of damaged limbs, and the ability to perform metamorphosis, it is an extremely dangerous process. The bones of the lower limbs are thicker and stronger than the bones of the upper limbs because of the need to support the entire weight of the body and the resulting forces from locomotion. The shoulders attach to the pectoral girdle through muscles and connective tissue, thus reducing the jarring of the skull. It also provides support for the shoulder girdles and upper limbs, and serves as the attachment point for the diaphragm, muscles of the back, chest, neck, and shoulders. Within the bone marrow, there are special cells called stem cells. What evolutionary change appeared in the earliest tetrapods? Arthropods such as crabs and lobsters have exoskeletons that consist of 3050 percent chitin, a polysaccharide derivative of glucose that is a strong but flexible material. What should be true of fossils of the earliest tetrapods? Which of the following properties least describes a potential advantage of having an endoskeleton, rather than an exoskeleton? An endoskeleton is a skeleton that consists of hard, mineralized structures located within the soft tissue of organisms. Each toe consists of three phalanges, except for the big toe that has only two (Figure 19.15). The forearm extends from the elbow to the wrist and consists of two bones: the ulna and the radius. (2 answers) 1. The clavicle articulates with the sternum and the scapula. But even though they are not considered to have true tissues, they do have specialized cells that perform specific functions like tissues (for example, the external pinacoderm of a sponge acts like our epidermis). 1 ). The pelvic girdle attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton. Legal. (Figure) Which of the following statements is false? ", Biologydictionary.net Editors. The bones of the endoskeleton hold around 99% of the bodys calcium, so they play a key part in the regulation of calcium levels within the body through the process of homeostasis. Shortening the muscles then draws the posterior portion of the body forward. I hope this helped you and have a good day No problem You welcome thank you for brainliest Thank you and you to Advertisement AStudentJustLikeYou I think the elephant has an endoskeleton. The coccyx is typically 34 vertebrae that fuse into one. The presence and composition of spicules form the basis for differentiating three of the four classes of sponges ((Figure)). These may be the plates that form the protective armor of the exoskeleton, or they may take the form of mechanical body parts such as claws, legs, joints, radula and wings. Cnidaria is a phylum that houses organisms such as jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones. Figure 2. A stack of actin C. Overlapping actin and myosin A hydrostatic skeleton is a skeleton formed by a fluid-filled compartment within the body, called the coelom. Porocytes control the flow of water through pores in the sponge body. D. pathogen. Red bone marrowalso called myeloid tissuecontains hemopoietic stem cells, which produce an assortment of different blood cells through haematopoiesis. By inflating, the newly free animal is able to stretch out the new cuticle and begin the process of sclerotization or biomineralization to harden the surface. Derived from the mesoderm, the coelom is found between the intestinal . You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser. In adults, the hip bones, or coxal bones are formed by the fusion of three pairs of bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis. For example, relative to typical glass sponge spicules, whose size generally ranges from 3 to 10 mm, some of the basal spicules of the hexactinellid Monorhaphis chuni are enormous and grow up to 3 meters long! Sea urchin exoskeleton. Ectotherms depend mainly on external heat sources, and their body temperature changes with the temperature of the environment. "Endoskeleton." What are the major differences between the male pelvis and female pelvis that permit childbirth in females? In gemmules, an inner layer of archeocytes (amoebocytes) is surrounded by a pneumatic cellular layer that may be reinforced with spicules. The human skeleton is an endoskeleton that is composed of the axial and appendicular skeleton. Surrounding the haversian canal are the osteocytes, which store the mineral tissue of bones such as calcium. Segmented worms (phylum Annelida) are the most complex animals with worm-like body plans. The function of the axial skeleton is to provide support and protection for the brain, the spinal cord, and the organs in the ventral body cavity. Later tetrapods have their limbs placed under their bodies, so that each stride requires less force to move forward. Roundworms (phylum Nematoda) have a slightly more complex body plan. All of these bones occur in pairs except for the mandible and the vomer (Figure 19.7). Several classes of sponges. When the body is in need of these nutrients, they can be taken from these stores and utilized. The interior procuticle is made primarily from chitin, a translucent, fibrous material consisting of modified, nitrogen-containing polysaccharides. Most vertebrates have an endoskeleton, which is comprised of mineralized tissue in the form of bone and cartilage. transformation of the picture? E) Circulation, The largest frogs (Goliath frogs) have been known to eat: Sponges lack complex digestive, respiratory, circulatory, and nervous systems. An exoskeleton is a hard external skeleton that protects the outer surface of an organism and enables movement through muscles attached on the inside. There are two types of bone marrow: yellow marrow and red marrow. It is harder, providing more protection for tissues B. The bone is made up of calcium, phosphorus and other fatty acids, all of which are stored within the osteocytes in the compact bone. Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis, 24.4. An exoskeleton is the rigid covering found on the exterior of many animals, particularly invertebrates such as arthropods and mollusks. The ribs are 12 pairs of long, curved bones that attach to the thoracic vertebrae and curve toward the front of the body, forming the ribcage. The appendicular skeleton is composed of the bones of the upper limbs (which function to grasp and manipulate objects) and the lower limbs (which permit locomotion). chordates Which of the following are characteristics of echinoderms? https://openstax.org/details/books/biology-2e, Describe the organizational features of the simplest multicellular organisms, Explain the various body forms and bodily functions of sponges. Wed love your input. This skeleton type provides defence against predators, supports the body, and allows for movement through the contraction of attached muscles. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . Sponges may also become sequentially hermaphroditic, producing oocytes first and spermatozoa later. These are unique in that they have the ability to become any other type of cell. In addition to evolutionary fitness, the bones of an individual will respond to forces exerted upon them. a. A. Amoebocytes can also give rise to sclerocytes, which produce spicules (skeletal spikes of silica or calcium carbonate) in some sponges, and spongocytes, which produce the protein spongin in the majority of sponges. For example, earthworms move by waves of muscular contractions of the skeletal muscle of the body wall hydrostatic skeleton, called peristalsis, which alternately shorten and lengthen the body. (credit: Andrew Turner). Learn how BCcampus supports open education and how you can access Pressbooks. However, we should note that sponges exhibit a range of diversity in body forms, including variations in the size and shape of the spongocoel, as well as the number and arrangement of feeding chambers within the body wall. All cell types within the sponge obtain oxygen from water through diffusion. What is the major difference between vertebrates and invertebrates? It has five main functions: providing support to the body, storing minerals and lipids, producing blood cells, protecting internal organs, and allowing for movement. Bone marrow B. Cancellous bone C. Cortical Bone D. Joints, 2. The bones of the skull support the structures of the face and protect the brain. The vertebral column, or spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord, supports the head, and acts as an attachment point for the ribs and muscles of the back and neck. The appendicular skeleton consists of the pelvic girdle, the shoulder blades and arm bones and the legs and feet. The 'tetrapods' are four-limbed vertebrates within the chordates: AmphibiaFrogs, toads and salamanders. The arched curvature of the vertebral column increases its strength and flexibility, allowing it to absorb shocks like a spring (Figure 19.8). This consists of thin, flat platelets of aragonite, a form of calcium carbonate. This similarity suggests that sponges and choanoflagellates are closely related and likely share common ancestry. Adult echinoderms exhibit pentaradial symmetry and have a calcareous endoskeleton made of ossicles (Figure 1), although the early larval stages of all echinoderms have bilateral symmetry. A trend first observed in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods was. Lettuce hydrostatic skeleton. The human skeleton is an endoskeleton that consists of 206 bones in the adult. They are both responsible for structural support of the body C. They are made of the same tissue materials D. They are attached to muscles in the same way, 2. An endoskeleton is a skeleton that consists of hard, mineralized structures located within the soft tissue of organisms. An exoskeleton is an external skeleton that consists of a hard encasement on the surface of an organism. B) the appearance of bony vertebrae. The exoskeleton of animals within the phylum Arthropoda mainly consists of a coating called the cuticle. The 50,000 species of living vertebrates are placed in nine classes: hagfish, lampreys, cartilaginous fish, ray-finned fish, lobe-finned fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. As with vertebrates, muscles must cross a joint inside the exoskeleton. c. part of a monophyletic clade. Intervertebral discs also act as ligaments to bind vertebrae together. E) the ability to move in a fish-like manner. B) Pigs They have a bony endoskeleton with a backbone and jaws; they breathe only with lungs; they have four limbs; their skin is covered with scales; they have amniotic eggs; they are ectothermic. E) Human babies, The amphibian skin is best characterized as: It also has deep sockets with robust ligaments to securely attach the femur to the body. Amphibians: They have a bony endoskeleton with a backbone and jaws; they have gills as larvae and lungs as adults; they have four limbs; they are ectothermic: frog. Hermaphrodite. This direct connection means that there is a larger surface area for the muscle to attach to, allowing for powerful movement and strength. The thoracic cage consists of the sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebrae, and costal cartilages. It is also has a pubic angle that is broader than the male pelvis. Costal cartilages connect the anterior ends of the ribs to the sternum, with the exception of rib pairs 11 and 12, which are free-floating ribs. Watch this video to see the movement of water through the sponge body. The glass sponges are also unusual in that most of their body cells are fused together to form a multinucleate syncytium. An ______ is an individual that is capable of producing both sperm and eggs. This fluid remains inactive until the epidermis has secreted a new epicuticle. The epicuticle is formed of three layers; the inner layer is the cuticulin, which is made from lipoproteins. Sponges in class Calcarea produce calcium carbonate spicules and no spongin; those in class Hexactinellida produce six-rayed siliceous (glassy) spicules and no spongin; and those in class Demospongia contain spongin and may or may not have spicules; if present, those spicules are siliceous. Thus, functionally, the poriferans can be said to have tissues; however, these tissues are likely not embryologically homologous to our own. These are the smallest bones in the body and are unique to mammals. The other classes are amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.Table below lists some of the distinguishing traits of each class. A hydrostatic skeleton is a skeleton formed by a fluid-filled compartment within the body, called the coelom. C) They should indicate limited adaptation to life on land. Sponges. Six bones make up the ossicles of the middle ear, while the hyoid bone is located in the neck under the mandible. Animals of the Mollusca phylum typically have an exoskeleton in the form of a shell; this includes gastropod snails and whelks, bivalve mussels, oysters and clams, chitons, and nautilus cephalopods. This iridescent layer of nacrecommonly called mother of pearlis secreted directly from epithelial cells in the mantle. They have a backbone and jaws; their endoskeleton is made of bones; they have thin, bony fins; they are ectothermic. For example, epithelial-like cells called pinacocytes form the outermost body, called a pinacoderm, that serves a protective function similar that of our epidermis. Intervertebral discs composed of fibrous cartilage lie between adjacent vertebral bodies from the second cervical vertebra to the sacrum. Although a hydrostatic skeleton is well-suited to invertebrate organisms such as earthworms and some aquatic organisms, it is not an efficient skeleton for terrestrial animals. An example of a primitive endoskeletal structure is the spicules of sponges. Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions, 24.3. It has no back bone C. It has an endoskeleton D. It has bilateral Answers: 2 Show answers Another question on Biology. The pelvic girdle attaches to the lower limbs of the axial skeleton. Fourteen facial bones form the face, provide cavities for the sense organs (eyes, mouth, and nose), protect the entrances to the digestive and respiratory tracts, and serve as attachment points for facial muscles. A) Tetrapod locomotion. It is a functional endoskeleton as the body contains bones which are situated in the internal part. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What should be true of fossils of the earliest tetrapods? The thoracic cage, also known as the ribcage, is the skeleton of the chest, and consists of the ribs, sternum, thoracic vertebrae, and costal cartilages (Figure 19.9). The reliance on osmosis/diffusion requires a design that maximizes the surface area to volume ratio of the sponge. Endoskeletons can take several forms, and can differ in complexity, shape and function, depending on the requirements of the animal. Q. The cells in each tissue layer become differentiated during development, becoming different tissues, organs, and a digestive tract. All other major body functions in the sponge (gas exchange, circulation, excretion) are performed by diffusion between the cells that line the openings within the sponge and the water that is passing through those openings. Invertebrates have a backbone and vertebrates do not. Over generations of evolution, females with a wider pubic angle and larger diameter pelvic canal reproduced more successfully. Arthropods such as crabs and lobsters have exoskeletons that consist of 3050 percent chitin, a polysaccharide derivative of glucose that is a strong but flexible material. The exoskeleton is further strengthened by the addition of calcium carbonate in organisms such as the lobster. We should reiterate here that the Porifera do not possess true tissues that are embryologically homologous to those of all other derived animal groups such as the insects and mammals. 2. Hydrostatic skeleton. This page titled 12.6: Vertebrate Classification is shared under a CK-12 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by CK-12 Foundation via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. Shortening of the muscle changes the relationship of the two segments of the exoskeleton. They have a complete backbone; they have jaws; their endoskeleton is made of cartilage; they are ectothermic. Some examples of endoskeleton are cartilage, bone, etc. This resulted in decreased adductor muscle size and an increased range of motion of the scapulae. I needa know how to approach this chick in this gym someone give me some wisdom, name the water resource from where river originate. In some sponges, porocytes form ostia, single tube-shaped cells that act as valves to regulate the flow of water into the spongocoel. Another change in the axial skeleton was the loss of a direct attachment between the pectoral girdle and the head. Spermatozoa carried along by water currents can fertilize the oocytes borne in the mesohyl of other sponges. Variations exist in other species; for example, the horses metacarpals and metatarsals are oriented vertically and do not make contact with the substrate. Fish within the class chondrichthyes (sharks, rays and chimaeras) have an endoskeleton; although, rather than bone, their skeletons are made up of cartilage, muscle and connective tissues. (common name: yellow Picasso sponge) belongs to class Hexactinellida, and (c) Acarnus erithacus belongs to class Demospongia.

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